• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제23권8호
• /
• pp.1073-1079
• /
• 2010

Forty-eight ((Duroc${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Landrace) pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of $48.47{\pm}1.13\;kg$ were used in a 12-week growth trial to investigate the influence of Anion (silicate) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality and fecal noxious gas content in growing-finishing pigs. Pigs were allotted into three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design according to sex and initial BW. Each dietary treatment consisted of four replications with four pigs per pen. Dietary treatments included: i) CON (basal diet), ii) HCI (basal diet+3 g/kg Anion), iii) HCII (basal diet+6 g/kg Anion). No significant difference (p>0.05) was detected for average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain/feed ratio (G/F) throughout the experiment, although dietary supplementation of Anion numerically increased these characteristics compared with CON. The dietary HCI group significantly (p<0.05) increased the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and energy compared with the CON group (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in meat quality except that meat firmness was linearly (p<0.05) increased by the Anion supplementation, while an increased tendency in meat color and a decreased tendency in 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was also observed (p<0.10). Anion supplementation linearly (p<0.05) decreased the fecal $NH_3$ compared with the CON group. However, dietary Anion supplementation at 3 g/kg decreased the $H_2S$ concentration compared with CON, while no significant difference was detected in the HCII group, although the $H_2S$ emission was numerically decreased compared with CON. In conclusion, supplementation of the diet with 3 g/kg Anion was found to exert a beneficial effect on nutrient digestibility and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs, and concomitantly decreased the noxious gas emission without negative effect on growth performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.80-85
• /
• 2006

Ninety six crossbred pigs (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc) were used to determine the effects of essential oils (Fresta F $Conc^{(R)}$) supplementation on growth performance, immune response and fecal noxious gas of weaned pigs. Treatments were 1) NC (negative control; basal diet without antibiotics), 2) PC [positive control; basal diet+CSP (CTC+Sulfathiazole+Penicillin) 0.1%], 3) NCF (basal diet+Fresta F $Conc^{(R)}$ 0.03%) and 4) PCF [basal diet+CSP (CTC+Sulfathiazole+Penicillin) 0.1%+Fresta F $Conc^{(R)}$ 0.02%]. From d 0 to 14, ADFI was increased in pigs fed PCF diet (p<0.05). From d 14 to 28, pigs fed PCF diet had greater ADG and ADFI than pigs fed NC diet (p<0.05). From d 28 to 49, ADG and ADFI in pigs fed PCF diet were higher than in pigs fed NC diet (p<0.05). Through the entire experimental period, ADG and ADFI in pigs fed PCF diet were the highest compared to pigs fed NC and PC diets (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in fecal consistency score among the treatments (p>0.05). No statistical differences (p>0.05) were found in red blood cells (RBC) counts, white blood cells (WBC) counts, lymphocyte counts, total protein and albumin. Serum IgG concentration of PCF treatment was greater than that of other treatments (p<0.05). From d 0 to 14, there was no significant difference in digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen among the treatments (p>0.05). From d 14 to 28, digestibility of dry matter in pigs fed PC, NCF and PCF diets was higher than that of pigs fed NC diet (p<0.05) and treatments with added essential oils were higher than other diets on digestibility of nitrogen (p<0.05). Also, from d 28 to 49, digestibility of nitrogen in pigs fed PCF diet was the highest among others (p<0.05). On d 14 and 28, no statistical differences (p>0.05) were found in volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) and hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) concentrations among treatments. On d 49, there was no significant difference in VFA concentration among the treatments (p>0.05). $NH_3$-N concentration in pigs fed PCF diet was lower than in pigs fed other diets (p<0.05). $H_2S$ concentration in pigs fed diets with added essential oils was lower than others. In conclusion, the results suggest that the dietary addition of essential oils and antibiotics into diets for weanling pigs improved growth performance, IgG concentration and nitrogen digestibility and decreased noxious gas concentration. Essential oils can be used to partly replace antibiotics in diets for weaned pigs without negative affects on growth performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권8호
• /
• pp.1202-1208
• /
• 2009

Synbiotics is the term used for a mixture of probiotics (live microbial feed additives that beneficially affects the host animal) and prebiotics (non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the organism). This study investigated the effect of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in weaning pigs. 150 pigs with an initial BW of 6.80${\pm}$0.32 kg (20 d of age) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments as follows: i) US, basal diet+0.15% antibiotics (0.05% oxytetracycline 200 and 0.10% tiamulin 38 g), ii) BS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from bacteria), iii) YS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from yeast), iv) MS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from mold), v) CS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (from compounds of bacteria, yeast and mold). The probiotics were contained in $10^{9}$ cfu/ml, $10^{5}$ cfu/ml and $10^{3}$ tfu/ml of bacteria, yeast and molds, respectively. The same prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharide, lactose, sodium acetate and ammonium citrate) was used for all the synbiotics. Pigs were housed individually for a 16-day experimental period. Growth performance showed no significant difference between antibiotic treatments and synbiotics-added treatments. The BS treatment showed higher (p<0.05) dry matter (DM) and nitrogen digestibility while ether extract and crude fiber digestibility were not affected by the dietary treatment. Also, the BS treatment decreased (p<0.05) fecal ammonia and amine gas emissions. Hydrogen sulfide concentration was also decreased (p<0.05) in BS, YS and MS treatments compared to other treatments. Moreover, all the synbioticsadded treatments increased fecal acetic acid concentration while the CS treatment had lower propionic acid concentration than the US treatment (p<0.05) gas emissions but decreased in fecal propionate gas emissions. Total fecal bacteria and Escherichia coli populations did not differ significantly among the treatments, while the Shigella counts were decreased (p<0.05) in synbiotics-included treatment. Fecal bacteria population was higher in the YS treatment than other treatments (p<0.05). The BS treatment had higher yeast concentration than YS, MS and CS treatments, while US treatment had higher mold concentrations than MS treatment (p<0.05). Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that synbiotics are as effective as antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora composition in weaning pigs. Additionally, synbiotics from anaerobic microflora can decrease fecal noxious gas emission and synbiotics can substitute for antibiotics in weaning pigs.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.49-54
• /
• 2001

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of dietary supplemental Enviro on noxious gas of environmental controlled poultry house and performance of broiler chicks. Diets contained 21.5, 19.00 CP and 3,100, 3,200 kcal/kg ME, respectively for starting and finishing period. Enviro were supplemented with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3% in Expt. 1 and 2, respectively. $CO_{2}$ and ammonia gas were periodically detected for finsihing period in Expt. 1. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion(FC) were measured for five weeks in Expt. 2. ND antibody titer were also measured after primary and booster vaccination at two and three weeks old. Blood cholesterol and nutrients digestibility were In Expt. 1, ammonia and $CO_{2}$ gas of chicks fed 0.2% Enviro showed 32.8ppm and 1,719ppm in poultry house and significantly decrease compared to that of control(P〈0.05). $CO_{2}$ gas was 1,814ppm in 0.4% Enviro treatments and also significantly lower than control(P〈0.05), but tended to be increased compared to that of 0.2% Enviro treatments, In Expt. 2, weight gain of chicks fed 0.1 and 0.2% Enviro was significantly increased for starting period(P〈0.05), but was not statistically different for finishing period. Feed intake was no significantly different of all treatments. Chicks showed lower FC in 0.3% Enviro treatment for starting period(P〈0.05) than others, but was not for finishing period. ND AB titer of chicks fed Enviro was prone to be higher than control, but was not significantly different. Total blood cholesterol was not significantly different of all treatments, but tended to be high in 0.1 and 0.2% Enviro treatments. HDL of chicks fed those levels showed significantly higher than control(P〈0.05), whereas LDL was tended to be decreased in those treatments. The digestibilites of crude protein and fiber were improved in 0.1 and 0.2% Enviro treatments relative to those of control, but was not statistically different. However, crude ash digestibility was significantly improved in 0.1 and 0.2% Enviro treatments(P〈0.05). Chicks also showed AMEn in 0.1, 0.2% Enviro treatments, but was no significance. The results of these experiments indicated that 0.1% Enviro supplement would be maximize the performance of broiler chicks.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 1992

Ignition energy effects of concentration of mixed gas In closed cylindrical vessel(1, 832㎤) are studied. The ignition energy ranged from 25 Joule to 110 Joule, and hidrogen and methane gases were used for flammable gas at stoichiometric condition with oxygen gas and nitrogen gas (N2) was for inert gas, which concentration was maximum 60% . The explosion pressure, temperature, concentration of product gases were calculated. It is found that - The explosion pressure and explosion velocity increase with ignition energy. - The gradience of explosion velocity with ignition energy is steeper than explosion pressure. - The results of calculation are similiar with results of experiment. - NOx is not serious product gas for methane and hydrogen gas, but CO is serious at certain concentration for methane in asphyxiation.

• 한국항만경제학회지
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.133-150
• /
• 2015

이 연구에서는 미국 EPA에서 개발된 NONROAD 모형을 이용하여 인천항 항만하역장비에서 배출되는 온실가스 및 유해가스 배출량을 추정한다. 인천항은 838.4톤의 NOx, 82,747톤의 CO2를 배출하였다. 이는 LA항만에서 배출되는 NOx 배출량의 2.4배, CO2 배출량의 1.3배에 해당한다. 일반하역장비의 배출량은 컨테이너하역장비 배출량의 5배로 드러났다. 인천항을 구성하는 세 항만 중 원자재를 처리하는 북항부두가 다른 항들에 비해 배출량이 많은 것으로 연구되었다. Chang et al.(2013, 2014)의 연구와 비교해 봤을 때 항만하역장비 당 CO2와 NOx 배출량은 선박 당 배출량의 10배에 달하는 것으로 드러났다.

• 보존과학회지
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.437-443
• /
• 2010

화석 연료의 생성물인 유해 부식 가스와 이들의 원인으로 나타나는 산성 강하물이 야외 동(銅) 조형물을 보호하고 있는 왁스에 미치는 환경에 대한 영향성을 연구하였다. 부식이 유해 가스보다는 체류성이 강한 산성 강하물에 의해 급격히 진행되는 것으로 볼 수 있었으며, 이 부식의 시작이 코팅된 왁스의 백화 현상으로부터 시작되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 산성도가 증가할수록 백화 현상이 크게 발생하였으며 결과적으로 산성강하물 및 부식 가스에 의해 백화 현상의 시작으로 내부 금속의 노출 현상이 나타나게 되어 부식이 진행되는 것으로 알 수 있었다. 왁스가 코팅된 동 시편은 유해 부식 가스와 산성비, 0.1 M의 산들에 노출되었으며 이의 결과로 가장 변화가 적고 산성도에 대한 저항성이 큰 왁스로는 황산의 결과를 제외하고는 모든 실험에서 Renaissance wax의 변화가 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제55권4호
• /
• pp.295-301
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chelated Cu and Zn on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and fecal noxious gas emission in weanling pigs. A total of 90 weanling pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of $5.27{\pm}0.04kg$ were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments for 42 d. Pigs were then fed a control diet (CON) or a Zinpro diet (CON + 0.1% chelate copper and zinc). There were nine replicate-pens with five pigs in each pen. During d 0 to 14 and d 14 to 28, the ADFI decreased (p<0.05) and the G/F increased (p<0.05) in pigs fed the Zinpro diet compared with those that received the CON diet. During d 28 to 42, the ADFI increased (p<0.05) in pigs fed the Zinpro diet relative to those fed the CON diet. Additionally, the apparent total tract digestibility of DM, N, and energy increased (p<0.05) in the Zinpro group when compared to the CON group on d 14 and 28. The lymphocyte percentage was also greater (p<0.05) in the Zinpro group than in the CON group. Overall, dietary supplementation with 0.1% chelate copper and zinc improved the growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weanling pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제25권8호
• /
• pp.1178-1183
• /
• 2012

A 5-wk trial with 96 ($(Landrace{\times}Yorkshire){\times}Duroc$) pigs ($BW=26.56{\pm}0.42kg$) was conducted to investigate the effect of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde as feed additive in growing pigs. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design according to their sex and BW. Each treatment contained 8 replications with 4 pigs (2 gilts and 2 barrows) per pen. Treatments included: control (basal diet; CON); (basal diet+1,000 mg eugenol/kg; ET); (basal diet+1,000 mg cinnamaldehyde/kg; CT). Administration of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde did not did not affect (p>0.05) the growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility. Dietary CT and ET led to a higher (p<0.05) lymphocyte concentration compared with CON. The inclusion of CT and ET decreased (p<0.05) the fecal E. coli concentration (p>0.05). Pigs fed the diets supplemented with eugenol and cinnamaldehyde had reduced (p<0.05) $NH_3$ and $H_2S$ concentration throughout the experiment. In conclusion, results obtained in the present study indicated that supplementation of eugenol and cinamaldehyde had no effect on growth performance of pigs but exhibited lymphocyte-enhancing activity and decreased the fecal E. coli concentration and fecal noxious gas content ($NH_3$ and $H_2S$).

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.527-539
• /
• 2010

본 시험은 생균제를 자돈 사료에 첨가하여 자돈의 성장능력, 영양소 이용률, 유해가스 및 분내 미생물 발생정도를 비교하여 항생제 대체효과를 규명하여 하기 위하여 실시하였다. 본 시험은 삼원교잡종(Landrace${\times}$Large White${\times}$Duroc) 자돈(22.5kg) 96두를 선발하여 28일간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 본 시험은 3처리 4반복의 난괴법 배치로 T1 처리구 항생제, T2 처리구는 무항생제에 복합생균제 0.2% 첨가, T3 처리구는 무항생제에 단일생균제 0.3%를 첨가하였다. 자돈의 일당 증체량, 일일 사료섭취량 및 사료요구율은 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 건물, 조단백질, 조지방 및 조회분의 소화율은 처리간에 유의성이 있었으며, 특히 복합생균제와 Bacillus subtillis natto 생균제가 대조구인 항생제 처리구보다 소화율이 높았다. 돈 분뇨의 유해가스 발생량에서는 암모니아($NH_3$), 아민(R-$NH_2$), 황화수소($H_2S$) 및 멜캅탄($CH_2$-SH)의 발생량은 항생제 처리구보다 생균제 첨가구가 적어 돈사내 가스 감소에 효과가 있었다. 그러나 분의 수분함량은 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 돈분내 총균, 대장균 및 내열성균은 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 즉 총균과 대장균의 수는 생균제 첨가에 의하여 감소하였으며, 내열성 포자의 수는 T3 처리구가 다른 처리구보다 많았다. 따라서 생균제를 항생제 대체물질로 급여한 결과 자돈의 장내 환경을 개선하고 돈사 내 유해가스 감소시킬 뿐만 아니라 자돈의 생산성 향상에도 기여한 것으로 판단되었다.