• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.344-352
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a daily regimen of green vegetable drink supplementation to male subjects improves the blood pressure and enhances other antioxidant enzyme status, lipid profiles and liver functionalities. Twenty nonsmokers and 19 smokers aged $23{\sim}60$ were given 240 mL of green vegetable drink every day for 8 weeks in addition to their normal diet, and blood samples were drawn before and after the intervention. The 8 weeks of green vegetable drink consumption resulted in a significant decrease of diastolic blood pressure in smokers (p<0.05) as well as in nonsmokers (p<0.01), and systolic blood pressure in smokers (p<0.05). Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly increased in both nonsmokers and smokers after the trials. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) level was decreased in smokers and plasma TC and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were decreased in nonsmokers while triglyceride (TG) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) was not affected in both nonsmokers and smokers by green vegetable drink consumption. Plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), a marker of liver function was significantly reduced in both nonsmokers and smokers and plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) level was significantly reduced in nonsmokers after the supplementation. These results support the hypothesis that green vegetable drink exerts a blood pressure reducing effect and affects not only the activity of antioxidant enzymes, lipid profiles but also plasma GOT and/or GPT levels.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.513-524
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• 2005

This study was conducted to introduce recycling procedures of food waste(FW) as feed according to the dehydration, semi-dehydration fermentation and liquid fermentation methods through the on-site survey of companies related, to trace physico-chemical components and nutritional losses depending upon the processing stage for each method and finally to suggest more desirable methodology for the efficient utilization of FW as animal feed. For the dehydration method, dewatering of FW alone reduced(P<0.05) moisture(approximately 10%) and ether extract contents and increased(P<0.05) fiber contents. Dewatering and subsequent dehydration of FW decreased(P<0.05) contents of ether extract, limiting amino acids such as lysine, methionine and histidine, pepsin digestibility of protein by half, and NaCl content by 40%, increased(P<0.05) contents of fiber, crude ash, Ca and P, and did not alter(P>0.05) pH. The semi-dehydration fermentation method of FW did not affect(P>0.05) the chemical components, pepsin digestibility of protein, pH and NaCl content. For the liquid fermentation method, pasteurization and fermentation of FW decreased(P<0.05) contents of dry matter, ether extract, crude fiber, lysine and NaCl; however, it did not affect(P>0.05) other chemical components, pepsin digestibility of protein and pH. Among the processing methods, nutrient losses were highest for the dehydration method(25% of metabolizable energy loss, 12% of organic matter loss) and little for the semi-dehydration and liquid fermentation methods. The on-site survey of companies related revealed that the existence of foreign materials in FW products were problematic for all the three companies surveyed, thus it was necessary to develop a more efficient screener. Before feeding FW-containing diets to pigs, high quality of protein and energy feedstuffs needed to be fortified for the dehydration method. For the semi-dehydration fermentation method, the scientific diet formulation technology was required at the initial mixing stage. For the liquid fermentation method, possibly most energetic and proteinaceous feeds needed to be supplemented for the normal animal growth.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.157-168
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• 1994

This study was carried out to elucidate the time course variation of vitamin $D_{3}$ (V$D_{3}$) and 25-hydroxyvitamin $D_{3}$ [25(OH)$D_{3}$] contents in the liver and skeleton of 3-wk old broiler chicks when treated with different UV irradiation procedure. Day-old Hubbard chicks were fed vitamin D deficient diet for 3 wk and exposed to medium wave ultraviolet(UVB) light with different irradiation procedures. Procedure I was 30 min continuous irradiation(O.204 mJ /$cm^{2}$) and Procedure II was three seperate 10 min irradiation with 12 h intervals, and Procedure III was three seperate 10 min irradiation with 24 h intervals. The liver and skeleton samples were collected at 10 different times between 0000~2400 h after the last irradiation. The V$D_{3}$ and 25(OH)$D_{3}$ fractions wereseparated by Sep-Pak silica cartridge and the concentrations were determined by normal phase HPLC. The mean content of V$D_{3}$ in the liver of the birds treated by Procedure II was 6.68 ng /g, which was higher than 5.60 and 5.30 ng /g from Procedure I and Ill, respectively(P<.O5). With regard to the effect of elapsed time after UVB irradiation on the V$D_{3}$ concentration of the liver, 96 h treatment showed the highest value(13.08 ng/g)(P<.05). There was a significant(P$D_{3}$ were significantly(P$D_{3}$ in the skeleton of tibia and femur, there were no significant differences among Procedure I, II and III, but significant differences were found among those from various elapsed time after irradiation, The highest value was shown at 96 h(O.99 ng /g) treatment, and interaction between irradiation procedure and elapsed time was not significant. With regard to the mean content of 25(OH)$D_{3}$ in bone, the Procedure II(18.79 ng /g) and III(17.73 ng /g) showed higher values than Procedure I did (P<.05), and the 12 h elapsed time showed the highest value(31.17 ng /g) among 10 treatments (P<.05), however, there was no significant interaction between exposing procedure and elapsed time. In conclusion, the Procedure II would he more desirable than Procedure I or III to produce more V$D_{3}$ and 25(OH)$D_{3}$ in the liver and skeleton of birds by exposing to the UVB light. Also, it was verified that 25(OH)$D_{3}$ increases more quickly than V$D_{3}$ in both tissues tested and is utilized more quickly to recover from the rickets of chicks.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2010

The objective of this experiment was to investigate effects of total mixed ration (TMR) of different nutrition level on milk production in dairy goats (Sannen). Twenty four lactating goats were randomly assigned to one of four TMRs; medium energy-medium crude protein (CP) TMR (control), high energymedium CP TMR (T1), medium energy-high CP TMR (T2) and high energy-high CP TMR (T3). The content of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and CP in the control diet were 67.0% and 13.9%. The TDN content of the high energy TMR was 73.7% and the CP content of the high CP TMR was 15.3%. Milk yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher for T1 ($2,198{\pm}115 ml$) than for T2 ($1,742{\pm}52 ml$) and T3 ($1,984{\pm}90 ml$). But there were no significant differences in milk composition between the treatments. Daily body weight gain was increased in T1 and T3 but reduced in control and T2. The result of the present study showed that dietary energy level supplied more than that of NRC recommendation did not affect milk yield of dairy goats in early lactation but prevented body weight loss.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with probiotics on the growth and meat quality of finishing pigs. A total of forty eight ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$) pigs ($55.3{\pm}1.5 kg$ average initial body weight) were randomly assigned to four groups and fed on a diet supplemented with 0, 0.2, 0.5 or 1% probiotics for 58 days. The pigs were slaughtered at approximately 105 kg live weight. Supplementation with 0.2% probiotics significantly (p<0.05) increased daily gain compared to the control. The daily gain of pigs in the 0.2% probiotic group was 0.95 kg whereas that of the control was 0.85 kg. The average feed intake was 2.79-2.84 kg and there were no significant differences in feed intake between the control and test groups. The feed conversion of the 0.2% probiotic group was 2.96 kg whereas the control showed a feed conversion of 3.28 kg. The results of this study imply that supplementation with 0.2% probiotics may improve the feed conversion of pigs. There were significant differences in carcass weight, carcass ratio, backfat thickness, and frequency percentage of A grade carcasses between the control and probiotic test groups. In addition, the moisture, crude protein and crude ash contents of the probiotic treated groups did not differ significantly from the control group, however the crude fat values of the 0.2% probiotic test group was significantly tower than the other groups. The muscle pH levels of all samples ranged from 5.63-5.67 which is the normal pH of pork. The supplementation of probiotics resulted in decreased lightness ($L^*$) values and increased redness ($a^*$) values. Furthermore, the saturated fatty acid contents of the 0.2% and 0.5% probiotic test groups decreased and the unsaturated fatty acid contents increased relative to the control.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.199-207
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• 2000

Objectives : This study was peformed to identify the risk factors related to the development of hypertension in a rural area. Method : Total of 3,573 subjects in Chung-Song County were interviewed and examined in 1996. The study cohort comprised 2,580 hypertension-free subjects aged above 20. One-year follow up was completed for 1,781 subjects(69.0%) in 1997. General characteristics(age, gender, education level, economic status, marital status), the family history of hypertension, diet, alcohol, smoking, coffee, stress, past history of oral contraceptive and menopausal status in female, height, weight, waist and hip circumference, baseline blood pressure, and serum total cholesterol were considered as risk factors. Results : Multivariate analysis using logistic regression model indicated that age(RH=1.50, 95% CI; 1.15-1.96), the family history of hypertension(RR=2.11, 95% CI; 1.04-4.26), waist-hip ratio(WHR) (RR=2.09, 95%, CI; 1.15-3.79), and baseline systolic blood pressure(130-139/<120mmHg)(RR=3.34, 95% CI; 1.47-7.60) were significant risk factors associated with the development of hypertension above the borderline level in male. In female, age(RR=1.06, 95% CI; 1.03-1.09), change in menopausal status$(no{\rightarrow}yes/no{\rightarrow}no)$ (RR=3.32, 95% CI; 1.01-10.87), baseline systolic blood pressure(120-129/<120mmHg: RR=2.00, 95% CI; 1.02-3.90)(130-139/<120mmHg: RR=2.64, 95% CI; 1.34-5.20) and baseline diastolic blood pressure(85-89/<80mmHg)(RR=4.09, 95% CI; 1.86-8.96) were identified as risk factors. Conclusions : Age and high normal blood pressure were significant risk factors for the development of hypertension above the borderline level. In addition, the family history of hypertension and WHR in men, and the change of menopausal status in women might be significant risk factors in Korea.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.818-831
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary behavior, health-related lifestyles and nutrient intake status of college students according to physical activity levels. The physical activity levels were measured using the Korean version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form. The subjects of this study were 438 college students (243 males and 195 females) in Incheon area and were divided by gender and by physical activity levels, which included low, moderate and high physical activity groups. The average age of male and female students were 23.7 and 21.0 years old, respectively. The prevalence of the low physical activity group was 11.5% for males and 30.8% for females and that of the high physical activity group was 38.7% for males and 22.6% for females. According to the criteria for obesity in Asia-Pacific region, 39.1% of the males and 64.1% of the female students investigated were in the normal range of BMI and 30.9% of the males and 4.6% of the female students were in the obesity category. However, percent of body fat in the female students was significantly higher than that of the male students. The soft lean mass of the high physical activity group was higher compared to the other groups. In the low physical activity group, frequency of “eating out” was lower compared to the other groups. The average consumption of energy was 74.4% for males and 80.1% for females of the estimated energy requirement (EER). The mean intakes of vitamin C, vitamin B2, folic acid and Ca were 67.3%, 84%, 52.7% and 36.7% for males and 64.8%, 99.9%, 51.1% and 40.1% for females of recommended intake (RI), respectively. Therefore, it was necessary for obesity prevention as well as health promotion to increase physical activity and to eat an adequate, balanced diet in female college students.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.367-375
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the level of cracked whole barley on daily feed intake, daily body weight gain, carcass characteristics and meat composition of finishing Hanwoo steers (feeding from 24 months to 30 months of age). The dietary treatments were consisted of five types (C; normal concentrate as a basal diet, T1; 10% addition of cracked whole barley, T2; 20% addition of cracked whole barley, T3; 30% addition of cracked whole barley, T4; 40% addition of cracked whole barley). A total 30 Hanwoo steers (588.6${\pm}$11.8kg) were allocated to 5 feeding groups. The daily feed intake and daily body weight gain were high in the order of T2 > T3 >T4 > T1 > C. The back fat thickness and longissmus muscle area were highest in C and T1, respectively (P<0.05) than other treatments. The meat yield index decreased with increased back fat thickness. The marbling score and meat quality were highest in T1 (P<0.01, 0.05, respectively), but maturity, fat color and meat color were not significantly different among treatments. The crude fat was highest in T1 (17.59%), while in T4 (7.47%) it was lowest (P<0.05). The crude protein and crude ash were not significantly different among treatments. The energy value of cracked whole barley treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) was higher than C (P<0.05). The contents of Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mo, Na and Zn were higher in C than the other treatments (P<0.01), but Co was higher in T2 (P<0.01). The CIE $L^*$ value of whole cracked barley treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) was higher than C, however there were not differences among the treatments. The CIE $a^*$ value was highest in T1(P<0.05) than others. The CIE $b^*$ value was highest in C and it was decreased with increased feeding of cracked whole barley. Based on the above results, T1 treatment compared to other treatments improved the carcass quality parameters like loin muscle area, marbling score, meat quality, and CIE $L^*$ value.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.832-839
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the bioavailability of starfish calcium with substances enhancing calcium absorption. Three week-old young female rats (Sprague-Barley) were divided into 5 groups according to calcium sources and testing agents; calcium carbonate (C), starfish calcium (S), starfish calcium + casein phosphopeptide (S-CPP), starfish calcium+citrate-malate (S-CM), starfish calcium+isoflavone (S-ISO), and were fed experimental diets containing AIN-93G based Ca (0.35% w/w) diet with CPP, CM and ISO for 6 weeks. Blood, femur, urine and feces samples were collected. There was no significant difference among groups in terms of growth and food intake. Serum Ca concentrations were normal in all 5 groups. Serum P concentrations and ALP activities were not significantly different among groups. Ca absorption and retention were significantly increased both in S-CPP and S-CM groups compared to C group (p<0.05). p absorption was significantly higher in S-CPP group than in other groups. While the amount of soluble Ca of intestinal contents did not differ among groups, the amount of insoluble Ca was significantly lower in S-CPP, S-CM and S-ISO groups than in C and S groups. However, the weight, Ca and P concentrations of femur were not significantly different among groups. These results suggest that the addition of CPP and citrate-malate were more effective for enhancing the bioavailability, intestinal absorption and solubility of starfish calcium.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1287-1292
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare knowledge on hypertension and blood parameters through blood pressure control of hypertensive patients commuting to a public health center. Hypertensive subjects were classified according to their blood pressures into a well-controlled group (SBP<140 mmHg and DBP<90 mmHg, n=44) and an uncontrolled group ($SBP\geq140mmHg\;or\;DBP\geq90mmHg$, n=41). All subjects were interviewed for clinical characteristics, effort for health maintenance and knowledge on hypertension and nutrition. Biochemical measurement of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were obtained from subjects. The knowledge about hypertension and effort for health maintenance were not significantly different between the groups. However, the nutrition knowledge score of the well-controlled group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the uncontrolled group. On the test of nutrition knowledge, 97.7% of the well-controlled group answered correctly to the item, 'Medication is an easy way to control blood pressure'. This result was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the uncontrolled group of whom 82.9% answered correctly. Participants in both groups had only a little understanding about the importance of a balanced diet. Blood parameters were in the normal range and there was not a significant difference between the groups. However total cholesterol, triglyceride and fasting blood glucose levels of the uncontrolled group were higher than those of the well-controlled group. Therefore, education programs about the continuous control of hypertension through careful monitoring, medication, and exercise are required. The uncontrolled group was especially in need of strengthening education. Also more effective nutrition education programs about low salt, high fiber, low cholesterol, and balanced diets are required for hypertensive patients commuting to public health center.