• Journal of architectural history
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• v.2 no.1 s.3
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• pp.25-41
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• 1993

This study was made to analyze the housing adjustment phenomenon in the first half of Chosun Dynasty by applying Microsociological approach. By reviewing the housing adjustment theory of Morris and Winter, research model for the period was developed in terms of socioeconomic characteristics, normative housing deficit (=cultural norm-housing condition+family norm), constraints, behavioral propensities, and housing adjustment mechanism with the following results : 1. In the first half of Chosun Dynasty the size of the house, the house site and decorating items were specified by law (cultural norm) according to the social status. Although the law was constraints for the housing phenomenon, it was not applied universally. Frequantly the law was violated by the upper class. By the middle of the Dynasty the family norm became more important for the housing phenomenon than the cultural norm. 2. Efforts were made to practice the Confucianism as a cultural norm in the first half of Chosun Dynasty At that time Husband-Living-in-Wife's-House was more popular than Wife-Living-in-Husband's-House. Because the customs were against the Confucianism, the latter was encouraged by law. But it did not change. Instead a compromised system became popular in the middle of the Dynasty. The house shrine was practiced to increase the symbolism of the family, which, in turn, exerted influences in deciding the housing site (cultural norm). These cultural norm was not accepted as the family norm untill the second half of the Dynasty. These trends forced the man and woman use separate areas of the house, and formulated a hierarchic positions within a house. 3. It was shown that the settlement of Confucianism as a family norm was closely related to the popularization of the Ondol system in the house, which functioned as one of the behavioral propensities to encourage diversity of space for many purposes. Though the Ondol system was accepted as a useful heating system earlier, this became more popular in the middle of the Dynasty because the housing pattern with Ondol fitted very well with a large family system with patriarchism. Ondol system for one or two rooms substituted Ondol for all rooms in the second half of the Dynasty. 4. From the beginning of the Dynasty housing adjustment of the family was determined by the social status and by law (cultural norm). Within this cultural norm each family decided its adjustment mechanism according to its economic ability (family norm). Family norm was more important factor than the cultural norm to determine the micro-space pattern in the house. But this period witnessed the formations of new conditions by the ruling class's efforts to implement new ethics for hierarchy and sexual discrimination. According to these conditions the Confucianism overruled the family norm in the later period.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.227-232
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• 2005

Least squares (${\ell}^2-norm$) solutions of seismic inversion tend to be very sensitive to data points with large errors. The ${\ell}^p-norm$ minimization for $1{\le}p<2$ gives more robust solutions, but usually with higher computational cost. Iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) gives efficient approximate solutions of these ${\ell}^p-norm$ problems. I propose a simple way to implement the IRLS method for a hybrid ${\ell}^1/{\ell}^2$ minimization problem that behaves as ${\ell}^2$ fit for small residual and ${\ell}^1$ fit for large residuals. Synthetic and a field-data examples demonstrates the improvement of the hybrid method over least squares when there are outliers in the data.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2013

A new form of software piracy known as digital piracy has taken the spotlight. Lost revenues due to digital piracy could reach 2,500 billion won in year 2010 alone. This paper examines the causal relationships among the attitude toward digital piracy, subjective norm, economic gain, political efficacy, school policy, etc, in a university setting. Results from survey responses indicate that the social norm and economic gain affect the attitude toward digital piracy, and that school policy influences the subjective norm as well as political efficacy. But, contrary to our expectation, political efficacy has been found to have no impact on the social norm and economic gain. Prior learning experiences have been shown to affect economic gain, but not the subjective norm. As a conclusion, the academic and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.13-34
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• 1991

The main purpose of this study is to examine housing norm of the middle classes, housing norm and normative housing deficits by independent variables(socio - economic variables, family characteristic variable sand housing characteristic variables).There are two major findings of this study as follows :1. In the housing norm, housing space is 99.Om2, the number of rooms is 3.0, housing structure type is apartment, the maintenance cost is 13 thousand won, and housing tenure is home ownership. And housing qualify is classified into 5 dimensions, and neighborhood environment is classified into 3 dimensions.2. This thesis is to conform Morris et aL.(1984)`s hypotheses that cultural norm is homogeneous in culturally unified society and if it appears heterogeneously, It is the subject`s reporting error of the subjects confusing cultural norm with family norm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.580-589
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• 1995

When age-role i-: being confused and fasion is as whimsical as these days, the norm on the length of the skirt can be a matter of controversy. This study aimed to see if there exists decisive norm on skirt lengths according to the age of feminine stimuli and the sex and age of perceiver. It also aimed to find out whether the norm of the individual perceiver is influenced by the assumed norm of generalized others. Questionnaire including linedrawings of feminine lower body was given out to be marked with age-proper length of skirt. Results revealed existence of certain length norms according to the age of the stimuli. Norms also varied according to the age of the perceiver and interaction effects among the age, sex of the perceiver and the age of the stimuli existed. Assumed norms of the generalized others were different from the actual norms of the individual. Interaction between the ages of the stimuli and perceiver affected the difference between the actural individual norm and the assumed norm of the generalized others.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.51-60
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• 2023

This study aims to examine factors influencing the intention to continue using the metaverse, focusing on the impact of social norms. Specifically, direct and indirect effects of technical characteristics (perceive quality, interactivity, perceived playfulness), user characteristics (self-efficacy, personal innovativeness), and social influence factors (descriptive norm, injunctive norm, subjective norm) on continuous use intention were examined. The role of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness as a mediator was also examined. An online survey was conducted with 165 college students attending universities in two large cities in South Korea who had used the metaverse. As a result, perceived playfulness, descriptive norm, and perceived usefulness directly influenced continuous use intention. Perceived playfulness, interactivity, and subjective norm influenced continuous use intention indirectly through perceived usefulness. This study theoretically extends the Technology Acceptance Model by specifying social influence in metaverse contexts. Practical implications are provided in terms of marketing strategy for the metaverse industry to continue to grow and develop.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.353-359
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• 2017

Starting from a t-norm T, it is possible to construct a class of new t-norms, so-called T-generalized t-norm. The purpose of this paper is to describe some properties of this class of generalized t-norms. An algebraic structure as well as a binary relation among t-norms are also investigated. Some open problems are discussed as well.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.18 no.1_2
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• pp.621-637
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• 2005

A hybrid method solving regularized structured linear total least norm (RSTLN) problems, which have highly ill-conditioned coefficient matrix with special structures, is suggested and analyzed. This scheme combining RSTLN algorithm and separation by parts guarantees the convergence of parameters and has an advantages in reducing the residual norm and relative error of solutions. Computational tests for problems arisen in signal processing and image formation process confirm that the presenting method is effective for more accurate solutions to (R)STLN problem than the (R)STLN algorithm.

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-23
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• 2002

For a closed densely defined linear operator T on a Hilbert space H, let ${\prod}$ denote the function which corresponds to T, the orthogonal projection from $H{\oplus}H$ onto the graph of T. We extend some ordinary norm ineqralites comparing ${\parallel}{\Pi}(A)-{\Pi}(B){\parallel}$ and ${\parallel}A-B{\parallel}$ to the Schatten p-norm where A and B are bounded operators on H.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 2013

In this paper, we prove that the BMO norm and the Garsia norm are equivalent on a bounded domain in $\mathbb{R}^N$. Also, we investigate the equivalent relation between the Lipschitz norm and the Garsia-type norm for harmonic functions.