• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.62-72
• /
• 1995

During the controlled atmosphere storage (CA), fresh ginseng showed good appearance in quality, and other deterioration of freshness was not observed until 12 weeks. On the other hand, MA storage had kept freshness only in treatment of 1 until 8 weeks. There was no significant difference between treated and non-treated sample with preservatives, and not treated sample was not infected with various different fungi. Moisture contents and hardness of ginseng in all treatments were not changed much until 12 weeks, and surface shrinkage did not occur either. But shear stress increased somewhat in all treatments after 12 weeks. The granule of microstructure in tissue diminished slightly. The apparent Quality of red ginseng was good until 4 weeks of treatment. But as time passed, white skin and wrinkled skin were generated and darkened in its color. B-1 in CA and E-1 in MA were found to be the most favorable one. The content of crude saponin did not change significantly during storage of CA or MA by preservation conditions and period. Though a small increase in saponin content from 4.92% to 5.43% was recognized in B-1, which was treated with preservative and 6.0% In B-2, control, this could rather explain increment of soluble component by butanol. Thus, there was no change in total contents of ginsenoside pattern and composition of each content. The Rbl content in B-1 and B-2 were 0.98%, and 0.97%, respectively, whereas that of control was 0.96%. E-1 of MA, treated with preservative was 5.32% after 12 weeks, but was 5.73% in control, indicating that ginsenosides pattern was quite similar to that of CA storage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.42-53
• /
• 1985

This study was carried out to obtain the basic information about the large scale propagation of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Therefore, the stem cuttings of 1-year old ginseng, treated with various concentrations of plant growth regulators for 5 seconds (quick dipping) and 24 hours (prolonged soaking), were cultured. The root formation of stem cuttings was varied with the concentrations, kinds, and treatment methods of plant growth regulators. Besides normal-looking roots various malformed roots were observed. In the prolonged soaking method, the culture of stem cuttings, treated with 10 ppm of IBA or NAA, resulted in profuse root regeneration. And stem cuttings, in quick dipping method, treated with 2000 ppm of IBA or NAA resulted in more excellent root regeneration. In general, IBA was more vigorous for the root formation than NAA, The treatment with 50 ppm kinetin or 100 ppm BA brought good result for the retardation of senescence of stem cuttings and BA treatment was more effective than kinetin. As for the saponin content of roots derived from stem cutting culture, the roots, formed by non-treatment of growth regulators, were higher in saponin content than those formed by treatment of growth regulators.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the cell growth inhibitory effect of tissue cultured root of wild Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer (tcwPG). The human stomach carcinoma cell line, MKN 74, was incubated with 70% EtOH extract of tcwPG or Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer (PG) for 24 hrs. tcwPG inhibited cell growth at a concentration of $250{\mu}g/ml$. However, Panax ginseng extract did not inhibit cell growth at the same concentration. We also tested the ethyl acetate and $H_2O$ fractions of tcwPG. The inhibitory effect of the ethyl acetate fraction on cell proliferation in MKN 74 cells was more potent than that of the crude extract, and the inhibitory effect of the $H_2O$ fraction was less than that of the ethyl acetate fraction. When we separated tcwPG into polar and non-polar saponin fractions and then measured cell growth inhibition, the non-polar saponin in tcwPG exhibited cytotoxicity. To compare the effects of tcwPG on various cancer cell lines, we measured cytotoxicity in MKN 74 (stomach cancer cell line), SW 620 (colon cancer cell line) and PC 3 (prostate cancer cell line). All three cell lines showed cell growth inhibition, and the cell growth inhibitory effects were not quite different in the various cell lines. The non-polar saponins of tcwPG arrested PC 3 cells at G1-phase as did Panax ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.13-20
• /
• 1999

사포닌 함량과 PD계 사포닌과 PT계 사포닌의 조성 비율이 상이한 사포닌 분획물 TS-1, TS-2, TS-3 즉 주종 ginsenoside의 총함량$(G-Rb_1,\;-Rb_2,\;-Rc,\;-Rd,\;G-Re,\;-Rf,\;-Rg_1)$은 각각 $41\%,40\%,62\%$이고, PD계 사포닌과 PT계 사포닌의 함유 조성비율(PD/PT)이 각각 1.55, 2.25, 2.61인 시료를 6년근 홍삼으로부터 추출 제조하여, 생체외 실험으로 음경해면체 절편에 대한 이완반응과 생체내 실험으로 사포닌분획물 투여에 따른 음경 해면체내압의 변화에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. PHE에 의해 수축된 음경해면체 절편에 대한 이완 반응은 홍삼 사포닌은 각각 농도 의존적 이완작용을 보였으며, 음경 해면체평활근의 이완작용에 있어 각 분획물의 $ED_{50}$은 TS-1이 1.68, TS-2, 1.97, TS-3, 2.29 mg/ml서 TS-1이 가장 의의있게 낮았다. 이러한 홍삼 사포닌 분획물의 이완효과 기전은 음경 해면체평활근에 NO나 칼슘 및 칼륨 통로 등에 영향을 미쳐 복합적인 이완작용을 보이는 것으로 사료되었다. 흰쥐를 이용한 생체내 실험으로 홍삼 사포닌 투여에 따른 음경해면체내압의 변화 조사에서 각 사포닌 분획물은 농도의존적으로 해면체내압의 증가를 야기시켰다. 이들 해면체내압의 증가 정도는 TS-1이 가장 강하였고,TS-2,TS-3 순이었다. 이상의 결과로부터 홍삼의 사포닌 분획물은 음경해면체평활근의 이완작용과 내압의 증가에 영향을 미쳐 음경발기의 상승을 야기시키는 효과가 있으며 그 효과는 그 함유 조성에 따라 차별성이 있다는 것이 확인되었으므로 금후 주요 활성성분의 구명이 요망되고 있다.

• 보존과학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.21-27
• /
• 2012

조선시대 양반가의 장례시 매장방식은 회곽묘제를 사용하였으며, 그 유물들이 현대에 형태를 유지한 채로 출토되는 경우가 종종 있다. 그러나 그 내부에서 발견되는 섬유유물들은 예전에는 염직물이었을 것으로 예상되나 오랫동안 시즙과 수분에 의해 오염되어 고유의 색상 및 물성에 변화를 일으킬 수 있다. 이러한 오염은 출토 후에도 계속적으로 유물의 변퇴색 및 열화에 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상되므로 적합한 세척이 요구된다. 따라서 본 연구는 습식세척 후 출토염직물의 색변화를 최소화할 적합한 세정조건을 조사하기 위하여 적색계 7종, 청색계 1종, 황색계 6종, 녹색계 4종, 자색계 4종의 천연염색 염색포(견과 면)을 만들어서 이를 돈육과 함께 6개월간 냉장보관한 후 꺼내어 물, 음이온계면활성제(SDS), 비이온계면활성제(TritonX-100), 천연계면활성제(Saponin) 등 4종의 세정액를 이용하여 $20^{\circ}C$와 $40^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 습식세척하여 염직품들의 색상변화에 대한 영향을 조사하였다. 그 결과 색상의 변화는 세정온도, 섬유소재, 세정제, 이용한 염료의 종류에 따라 차이를 나타내었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제51권1호
• /
• pp.70-80
• /
• 2019

본 연구에서는 홍삼 비사포닌 분획(NSF)의 항 염증 효과를 마우스 대식세포와 인간유래 단핵세포에서 확인하였다. NSF는 마우스 대식세포에서 LPS로 유도된 NO, iNOS 그리고 COX-2의 양 뿐만 아니라 IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MCP-1과 같은 염증성 싸이토카인의 생성량을 유의적으로 감소시켰다. 인간 유래 단핵세포에서는 PMA에 의해 유도되는 대식세포로의 분화를 효과적으로 억제하면서 분화인자인 $CD11{\beta}$와 CD36의 발현을 유의적으로 감소시켰다. 마우스 대식세포에서와 마찬가지로 염증성 싸이토카인들의 생성량 또한 감소하였는데, 이러한 NSF의 항 염증 효과는 두 전사인자의 조절작용에 의한 것으로 사료된다. 즉 NSF는 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 핵으로 이동을 감소시킴으로써 전사활성을 억제하여 염증성 싸이토카인들의 발현을 저해하고 이와 반대로 Nrf2의 발현과 핵으로의 이동을 증가시켜 항산화 효소이면서 항 염증 작용을 나타내는 HO-1의 발현을 촉진하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 따라서 NSF는 $NF-{\kappa}B$와 Nrf2의 두 가지 신호전달체계를 조절함으로써 항 염증 작용을 나타냈으며 이를 홍삼 NSF의 항 염증 기작으로 보고하는 바이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제47권2호
• /
• pp.302-310
• /
• 2023

Background: The most common type of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is marked by the formation of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques. The impairments of axons and synapses appear in the process of Aβ plaques formation, and this damage could cause neurodegeneration. We previously reported that non-saponin fraction with rich polysaccharide (NFP) from Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) showed neuroprotective effects in AD. However, precise molecular mechanism of the therapeutic effects of NFP from KRG in AD still remains elusive. Methods: To investigate the therapeutic mechanisms of NFP from KRG on AD, we conducted proteomic analysis for frontal cortex from vehicle-treated wild-type, vehicle-treated 5XFAD mice, and NFP-treated 5XFAD mice by using nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS. Metabolic network analysis was additionally performed as the effects of NFP appeared to be associated with metabolism according to the proteome analysis. Results: Starting from 5,470 proteins, 2,636 proteins were selected for hierarchical clustering analysis, and finally 111 proteins were further selected for protein-protein interaction network analysis. A series of these analyses revealed that proteins associated with synapse and mitochondria might be linked to the therapeutic mechanism of NFP. Subsequent metabolic network analysis via genome-scale metabolic models that represent the three mouse groups showed that there were significant changes in metabolic fluxes of mitochondrial carnitine shuttle pathway and mitochondrial beta-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Conclusion: Our results suggested that the therapeutic effects of NFP on AD were associated with synaptic- and mitochondrial-related pathways, and they provided targets for further rigorous studies on precise understanding of the molecular mechanism of NFP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제24권12호
• /
• pp.1690-1698
• /
• 2011

Feedlot and in vitro ruminal experiments were conducted to assess the effects of saponin-containing surfactant applied during tempering of barley grain on cattle growth performance and on ruminal fermentation. In the feedlot experiment, treatments with three barley grain/barley silage based diets were prepared using barley grain at 7.7% moisture (dry, D), after tempering to 18% moisture (M), or after tempering with a saponin-based surfactant included at 60 ml/t (MS). Each treatment was rolled at settings determined previously to yield optimally processed barley. A total of 180 newly weaned British${\times}$Charolais steers were fed three diets in 18 pens for a 63-d backgrounding period and 91-d finishing period to determine feed intake, growth rate and feed efficiency. Cattle were slaughtered at the end of the experiment to measure the carcass characteristics. Tempering reduced (p<0.001) volume weight and processing index, but processing characteristics were similar between MS and M. Tempering increased (p<0.05) growth during backgrounding only, compared with D, but did not affect feed intake in either phase. During backgrounding, feed efficiency was improved with tempering, but during finishing and overall this response was only observed with the surfactant. Tempering did not affect carcass weight, fat content or meat yield. Surfactant doubled the proportion of carcasses grading AAA. In the in vitro experiment, barley (500 mg; ground to <1.0 mm or steam-rolled) was incubated in buffered ruminal fluid (40 ml) without or with surfactant up to 20 ${\mu}l/g$ DM substrate for 24 h. Surfactant increased (p<0.05) apparent DM disappearance and starch digestibility but reduced productions of gas and the volatile fatty acid and acetate:propionate ratio, irrespective of barley particle size. Compared with feeding diets prepared with non-tempered barley, tempering with surfactant increased the feed efficiency of feedlot steers. This may have arisen from alteration in processing characteristics of barley grain by surfactant rather than its direct effect on rumen microbial fermentation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제48권1호
• /
• pp.59-67
• /
• 2024

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) has memory impairment associated with aggregation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Although anti-amyloid β (Aβ) protein antibody and chemical drugs can be prescribed in the clinic, they show adverse effects or low effectiveness. Therefore, the development of a new drug is necessarily needed. We focused on the cognitive function of Panax ginseng and tried to find active ingredient(s). We isolated panaxcerol D, a kind of glycosyl glyceride, from the non-saponin fraction of P. ginseng extract. Methods: We explored effects of acute or sub-chronic administration of panaxcerol D on cognitive function in scopolamine- or Aβ_25-35 peptide-treated mice measured by several behavioral tests. After behavioral tests, we tried to unveil the underlying mechanism of panaxcerol D on its cognitive function by Western blotting. Results: We found that pananxcerol D reversed short-term, long-term and object recognition memory impairments. The decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) or Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in scopolamine-treated mice was normalized by acute administration of panaxcerol D. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), caspase 3, NF-kB p65, synaptophysin and brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression levels in Aβ_25-35 peptide-treated mice were modulated by sub-chronic administration of panaxcerol D. Conclusion: Pananxcerol D could improve memory impairments caused by cholinergic blockade or Aβ accumulation through increased phosphorylation level of ERK or its anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, panaxcerol D as one of non-saponin compounds could be used as an active ingredient of P. ginseng for improving cognitive function.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.179-186
• /
• 2008

홍삼의 분말화가 홍삼성분의 추출에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아보기 위하여 기존의 홍삼동체로부터 유용성분을 추출하는 방법과 홍삼을 분말화하여 추출하는 방법을 비교 시험하였다. 서로 다른 입도분포를 가지는 3종의 홍삼분말 ($10{\sim}40$, $40{\sim}100$, 100 mesh 이상)을 제조한 후 원형홍삼 및 홍삼분말을 이용하여 48시간 추출실험을 한 결과 입도의 크기가 가장 큰 $10{\sim}40$ mesh 홍삼분말이 가장 높은 추출수율을 나타내었다. 특히 짧은 추출시간 (12시간)대에서 원형홍삼과 비교하여 큰 수율차이를 보였다. 홍삼의 분말화가 일반적인 연속추출방법에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 3차의 용매변경 연속추출방법(1차 추출: $70^{\circ}C$ 에탄올 12시간, 2차 추출: $70^{\circ}C$ 에탄올 12시간, 3차 추출: $70^{\circ}C$ 열수 12시간)을 이용하여 추출을 수행한 결과 3차 추출까지 끝낸 상태에서의 고형분 추출수율은 $10{\sim}40$ mesh 홍삼분말이 36.2%로서 원형삼의 29.9%에 비해 약 20% 이상의 수율 증가를 보이는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 홍삼분말 추출물내의 유용성분 분석결과 조사포닌, 총사포닌 모두 $10{\sim}40$ mesh 홍삼분말에서 추출수율이 가장 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 조사포닌의 경우 $10{\sim}40$ mesh 홍삼분말 추출물의 수율이 2.6%로서 원형삼 추출물의 1.77%보다 약 47% 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. HPLC를 이용한 사포닌 조성분석결과 모든 홍삼분말 추출물들이 비슷한 사포닌 조성을 나타낸 것으로 미루어 보아 분말화에 의한 사포닌 조성 변성은 일어나지 않은 것으로 판단되었다. 홍삼내의 다른 유용성분인 산성다당체의 경우에는 기존 원형홍삼에 비해 분말화된 홍삼들의 추출수율이 높아졌으며 가장 미세 분쇄된 100 mesh 이상의 홍삼분말에서 2.9%의 추출수율을 보여 원형삼 추출액의 1.37%에 비해 2배이상 높은 추출수율을 나타내었다. 본 결과는 추출공정에 분말화된 홍삼을 이용할 경우 추출시간의 단축 및 홍삼성분의 추출효율을 높일 수 있음을 시사하는 것으로 판단되었다.