• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.135-143
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• 2018

Normally there is a one-time relationship between stakeholders in the construction projects. Thus, project participants are easily exposed to opportunistic behavior. According to the theory of transaction costs, a contract effectively influence the behavior of counter-party. The important role of contracts in limiting opponent opportunistic behavior has been academically acknowledged and studied in inter-firm relationships. The purpose of this study is to reveal the mediating effect of the contract on the power of the contractor in the contractor's behavior. Power is divided into mediated and non-mediated power. We surveyed construction companies' employees who have conducted construction projects. Based on the questionnaire response, we examined the influence of the Employer's power on the behavior of the contractor. Both non-mediated power and mediated power were significant for in-role and out-role behaviors. Both non-mediated power and mediated power were found to have a significant effect on the control and coordination function of contracts. The results show that the control function of the contract is significant for the in-role behavior and the extra-role behavior. Finally, the mediating effect of the contract function was significant only in the control function.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.5-16
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• 2012

Purpose - Distribution channels cannot function without cooperation. While evidence suggests channel power plays a fundamental role in fostering successful manufacturer-dealer channel cooperation in Western countries distribution systems, little is known empirically as to how dealers' possession of non-mediated powers influence SME manufacturers' cooperation in Asian developing countries. Research design, data, methodology - Drawing upon the extant distribution channels literatures; this study conceptualizes a model and examines the effects of dealer's non-mediated powers on manufacturing SME firms, as well as the mediating influence of trust, relationship satisfaction and commitment. A survey of 400 manufacturing SMEs in Taiwan empirically supports the proposed hypothesis. Results - The model is acceptable in terms of overall goodness of fit. Acceptable model fit are indicated by χ²/(df): 2.35, GFI≧.90; RMSEA values≦ .08; IFI, TLI and CFI values≧.90. Our results indicate that, GFI (0.910), IFI (0.937), TLI (0.903), CFI (0.936), and RMSEA (0.079) and therefore, achieved the suggested thresholds. Conclusions - The results of this study have some managerial implications for managers in the dealer's firms. The overall implication from the findings is that managers can utilize expert, referent and traditional legitimate powers to attain channel cooperation with manufacturing SMEs in addition to garnering their trust, relationship satisfaction and commitment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.21-29
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• 2018

The cooperative relationship between Employer and Contractor in the construction industry is the most important factor to achieve the project success. Employer shall draw the Contractor's cooperative behavior during executing the project. A study on the impact of the Owner's power on the contractor's cooperative behavior is rare in the construction industry in Korea even though the negative impact of the high-power distance between the Employer and the Contractor has been a hot issue in Korea. In this empirical study, it is shown that the Employer's power can address the contractor's cooperative behavior. The respondents were mostly employees in the domestic construction companies who have experienced in the construction projects. The total number of respondents was 317 effectively. The multiple regression analysis using SPSS 21.0 were conducted to verify the hypotheses. In conclusion, the Mediated Power is positively associated with the In-Role Behavior and with the Extra-Role Behavior. Some of Non-Mediated Power is positively associated with the In-Role Behavior and with the Extra-Role Behavior. It seems that the Contract underestimate the Employer's Expert Power. It was known that the cooperative power caused by Non-Mediated Power is good for long term relationship of the business to business transaction. So it is highly recommended that the Employer shall foster its expertise.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.83-103
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• 2019

Supply chain management(SCM) requires efforts to search for methods for mutual growth with partner companies and to maintain continuous cooperative relations in order to gain a competitive edge. Because information competencies play a big role within the supply chain, it is essential to examine the relationship of information sharing and partnership quality that can affect information competency. In order to maintain continuous business relations between partner companies, it is necessary to identify the obstacles with partner companies resulting from the imbalance of power within a supply chain and to take on a strategic approach for effectively managing such obstacles. Therefore, there is a significant need to discuss strategic approach methods to enable the logic of mutual growth through the CSV that is worth learning from the partner company and the attributes of non-mediated power. CSV will be reviewed from various aspects as a new management paradigm in the future. This study aims at suggesting a continuous growth model for companies by solving social problems through the integration of CSV and the concept of non-mediated power to advance the information competencies of SCM. A total of 142 copies of survey forms for SCM Implementation Companies were using the PLS structural equation modeling for an analysis, and the following are the findings. Results of this study showed that both CSV and non-mediated power had significant impact on information sharing and partnership qualities, and the conclusion that it is possible to enhance information competency through information sharing and partnership quality. Based on this, this study proposes the implication that it is necessary to elevate awareness of CSV and non-mediated power as variables for the coexistence of SCM participating companies.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-23
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• 2014

Companies are required to have adequate understanding and awareness of a partner company within the supply chain, together with the understanding of the imbalance consequent on power types. Therefore, this study intends to look into the power types and make clear their influence on confidence & commitment and causal relationship that is linked to SCM user satisfaction. The concrete research results are as follows. First, the result showed that none of the behavioral coercive, high-handed reward, and relative legitimacy in terms of Mediated power had a significant influence on confidence and commitment. Like this, the result explains that there is a limit to forcibleness power in forming a continuous, long-term relationship. Second, business expertise, professional information and value reference in terms of Non-Mediated power were all found to have a significant influence on confidence and commitment. This could be judged as having an intention of aggressively accepting a partner company's expertise, information strength and imitable culture, etc. Third, both confidence and commitment was found to have a significant influence on SCM user satisfaction.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.180-189
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• 2003

The experiments were designated to evaluate the anti-nociceptive effect of low power laser stimulation on acupoint or non-acupoint using arthrogenic solution induced poly arthritis animal model. Evaluation of potential antinociceptive effect of low power laser on arthritis has employed measurements of the foot bending test, the development of either thermal or mechanical hyperalgesia following the arthritis induction. The analysis of thermal hyperalgesia includes Hargreaves's method. Randall-Sellitto test was utilized for evaluating mechanical hyperalgesia. In addition, the antinociceptive effect of low power laser stimulation on arthritis induced spinal Fos expression was analyzed using a computerized image analysis system. The results were summerized as follows: 1. In laser stimulation on acupoint treated animal, laser stimulation dramatically inhibited the development of pain in foot bending test as compared to those of non acupoint treated animal group and non treated animal group. 2. The threshold of thermal stimulation was significantly increased by low power laser stimulation on acupoint as compared to that of non treated control group. 3. Laser stimulation on acupoint dramatically attenuated the development of mechanical hyperalgesia as compared to that of non treated group. 4. Low power laser stimulation on acupoint significantly suppressed arthritis induced Fos expression in the lumbar spinal cord at 3 week post arthritis induction. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that low power laser stimulation on acupoint has potent anti-nociceptive effect on arthritis. Additional supporting data for an antinociceptive effect of laser stimulation was obtained using Fos immunohistochemical analysis on spinal cord section. Those data indicated that laser stimulation induced antinociception was mediated by suppression of spinal neuron activity in pain sensation.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.495-501
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• 2016

The film has always reflected the culture of the era based on reality and imagination. The visual effect in the film has mainly played a role of expressing the reality more realistically or recognizing the virtual as reality. This study examines the meaning and the effect of fantasy realism through Oasis of Lee Chang-dong. Fantastic realism has separated the reality from the imaginary space by using a dual meaning tool that affects the time and space in the film and reflects the human desire and desire to see. It was also reproduced in the real world through the medium of pigeons. In addition, it separates visualized space from non-visualized space in film narrative structure, separation of real and unreal space, segregation of consciousness and unconscious space, and separation of reality and reality space into power structure. With the development of technology, the image of the yellow image comes closer to us like reality, which will express the space of unconsciousness that we could not think of.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.165-180
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• 2019

Water quality data of 81 lakes in Korea, 2013 ~ 2017 were analyzed. Most water quality parameters showed left-skewed distribution, while dissolved oxygen showed normal distribution. pH and dissolved oxygen showed a positive correlation with organic matter and nutrients, which appeared to be a nonsense correlation mediated by the algae. The ratio of $BOD_5$ and $COD_{Mn}$ to CBOD was 21 % and 52 % in the freshwater lakes, respectively. TOC concentration appeared to be underestimated by the UV digestion method, when salinity exceeds $700{\mu}S\;cm^{-1}$. In terms of nitrogen/phosphorus ratio, the limiting factor for algal growth seemed to be phosphorus in most of the lakes. Chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ increased acutely with decrease of N/P ratio. However, it seemed to be a nonsense correlation mediated by phosphorus concentration, since the N/P ratio depended on phosphorus. The N/P ratio of brackish lakes was lower than that of the freshwater, at the same concentration of phosphorus. It is worth examining denitrification that occurs, in bottom layer and sediment, during saline stratification. $Chl.{\alpha}$ concentration decreased in the form of a power function with increase of mean depth. The primary reason is that deep lakes are mainly at the less-disturbed upstream. However, it is necessary to investigate the effect of sediment, on water quality in shallow lakes. Light attenuation in the upper layer, was dominated by tripton (non-algal suspended solids) absorption/scattering (average relative contribution of 39 %), followed by CDOM (colored dissolved organic matter) (average 37 %) and $Chl.{\alpha}$ (average 21 %).

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.103-129
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• 2023

This study aims to analyze the network structure of technological innovation resources in SMEs, especially manufacturing firms, and reveal the differences between innovative and non-innovative firms. The study first analyzes connection centrality, flow-mediated centrality, and power centrality for all firms, and derives structural equivalence through CONCOR analysis. Then, the network structure of innovative and non-innovative firms was compared and analyzed according to innovation performance and creation. The results show that entrepreneurship and corporate innovation strategy have a significant impact on the analysis of technological innovation resources of all firms. According to the CONCOR analysis, the innovation resources of SMEs are organized into seven clusters, which can be defined as intrinsic product innovation resources, competitive advantage promotion resources, cooperative activities resources, information system resources, and innovation protection resources. The network analysis of innovative and non-innovative firms showed that innovative firms focused on enhancing competitiveness and improving quality, while non-innovative firms tended to focus more on existing products and customers. In addition, innovative firms had eight clusters, while non-innovative firms had six clusters, suggesting that innovative firms utilize resources diversely to pursue structural change and new value creation, while non-innovative firms operate technological innovation resources in a more stable form. This study emphasizes the importance of entrepreneurship and corporate innovation strategy in SMEs' technological innovation, and suggests that strong internal efforts are needed to increase innovativeness. These findings have important implications for strategy formulation and policy development for technological innovation in SMEs.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.83
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• pp.157-185
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• 2017

The present study examines the dialectic tensions arising within the ICT-mediated labor culture between the dominant power of conglomerates and the precarious labor subjects in the labor practices, as smartphones and tablet PCs have grown in popularity. The present study explores how much young precarious workers named 'Cheongyeon Alba' (young precariat in S Korea) suffers from continually precarious job positions as temporary staff or contract workers, being trapped at the bottom of the pay scale, and also being electronically connected to the workplace in a seamless way. Concretely, this study investigates how the mobile phone becomes deeply entangled with the 'precarious' labor culture in the metropolitan city of Seoul. The mobile precariat has been in a disadvantaged position, in terms not only of the moral issue of exploitation in business but also of social injustice. Labor exploitation of young workers has been reinforced by the mobile labor culture, in which they are remotely monitored by live surveillance mobile apps, and mobile instant messaging from a boss can intrude incessantly into their private life. This study depicts the extension of the business's surveillant power by mobilizing the mobile phone in the working practices.