• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.485-491
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• 2013

The present study was designed to investigate the putative effect of neurosteroid modulation on global ischaemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion, produced a significant rise in cerebral infarct size along with impairment of grip strength and motor coordination in Swiss albino mice. Administration of carbamazepine (16 mg/kg, i.p.) before global cerebral ischaemia significantly attenuated cerebral infarct size and improved the motor performance. However, administration of indomethacin (100 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated the neuroprotective effect of carbamazepine. Mexiletine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) did not produce significant neuroprotective effect. It may be concluded that the neuroprotective effect of carbamazepine may be due to increase in synthesis of neurosteroids perhaps by activating enzyme ($3{\alpha}$ HSD) as indomethacin attenuated the neuroprotective effect of carbamazepine. The sodium channel blocking effect of carbamazepine may not be involved in neuroprotection as mexiletine, a sodium channel blocker, did not produce significant neuroprotective effect.

• 생약학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.22-26
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• 2011

Korean traditional prescription, Oyaksungisan was usually used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, paralysis. In this study, we compared the contents of five major components, ephedrine HCl, ferulic acid, hesperidin, 6-gingerol, glycyrrhizin and various unknown compounds in Ohyaksungisan (OY) with fermented Ohyaksungisan (FOY) by established HPLC-DAD method. The neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 cell of OY and FOY was investigated by MTT assay. And anti-oxidative activity of OY and FOY was measured by DPPH radical, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. After fermentation, contents of five major components and some unknown compounds (1), (2), (3) and (4) were increased in FOY. Also, FOY showed more potent neuroprotective activity. Furthermore, anti-oxidative activity of FOY was increased. In conclusion, the fermentation of OY could change contents various compounds and improved its neuroprotective activity.

• 약학회지
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.451-455
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• 2011

So Cheong Ryong Tang (SCRT) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of the bronchial asthma. In this study, the effect of steaming process on changes in 11 major compounds (homogentisic acid, ephedrine HCl, paeoniflorin, cinnamic acid, cinnam aldehyde, glycyrrhizin, 6-gingerol, schizandrin, methyleugenol, gomisin A and gomisin N) content and neuroprotective activity of SCRT were evaluated. Major compound content was slightly different with steaming produce. The contents of paeoniflorin, cinnamic acid, cinnam aldehyde, 6-gingerol and methyleugenol were decreased and homogentisic acid, ephedrine HCl, glycyrrhizin, schizandrin and gomisin A were increased by steaming process. The neuroprotective activity of steaming SCRT was determined in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells by MTT assay. As a result, neuroprotective activity of a steaming SCRT was higher than that of a non steaming SCRT. This study demonstrated that neuroprotective activity of SCRT can be improved through steaming process.

• 생약학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.271-275
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• 2011

Sosihotang is a herbal medicine traditionally used to treat chronic liver disease. This study was performed to investigate the effect of steaming Sosihotang at a $121^{\circ}C$ on its major compounds and neuroprotective activity. We evaluated quantitative changes of 6 major compounds in Soshihotang, saikosaponin A, homogentisic acid, baicalin, ginsenoside $Rg_3$, glycyrrhizin and 6-gingerol using HPLC-DAD. After steaming produce, saikosaponin A, homogentisic acid, baicalin, glycyrrhizin and 6-gingerol in Sosihotang were decreased and ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was increased. The neuroprotective activity of steamed Sosihotang was determined by MTT assay, comparing to Sosihotang. The steamed sosihotang showed a higher neuroprotective activity than Sosihotang. In conclusion, steam produce could improve neuroprotective activity of Soshihotang.

• 생약학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.214-219
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• 2014

Artemisia apiacea is a traditional herbal medicine using treatment of eczema and jaundice in Eastern Asia including China, Korea, and Japan. In this study, the three phytosterol constituents were isolated and identified from the hexane fraction of 80% aqueous methanol extract of A. apiacea. Compounds were isolated using open column chromatography (silica gel). Their chemical structures were also established using $^1H$-NMR and $^{13}C$-NMR. Moreover, neuroprotective activity of each compound against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in hippocampal HT-22 cell line was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Furthermore, Inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium ion ($Ca^{2+}$) accumulation were measured for elucidation of neuroprotective mechanism of isolated compounds. They showed that stigmasterol had neuroprotective activity against the glutamate-induced toxicity by inhibition of ROS and $Ca^{2+}$ production. In conclusion, isolated compound of A. apiacea might be useful for therapeutic agent against neurodegenerative diseases.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.125-130
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• 2014

Objective : This study was conducted to elucidate neuroprotective effect of carnosine in early stage of stroke. Methods : Early stage of rodent stroke model and neuroblastoma chemical hypoxia model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion and antimycin A. Neuroprotective effect of carnosine was investigated with 100, 250, and 500 mg of carnosine treatment. And antioxidant expression was analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot in brain and blood. Results : Intraperitoneal injection of 500 mg carnosine induced significant decrease of infarct volume and expansion of penumbra (p<0.05). The expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed significant increase than in saline group in blood and brain (p<0.05). In the analysis of chemical hypoxia, carnosine induced increase of neuronal cell viability and decrease of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Conclusion : Carnosine has neuroprotective property which was related to antioxidant capacity in early stage of stroke. And, the oxidative stress should be considered one of major factor in early ischemic stroke.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.162-166
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• 2009

Oxczaasssaidative stress plays an important role in neuronal cell death, which is associated with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. This study evaluated the neuroprotective effect of Euryale ferox (EF) extracts against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in hybridoma N18-RE-105 cells. Specifically, neuroprotective effects of methanol and ethanol extracts were evaluated by the MTT reduction assay. The ethanol extracts of EF displayed dose dependent protection against neuronal cell death induced by 20 mM of glutamate. Furthermore, the ethanol extracts of EF was sequentially fractionated with hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and water layer according to degree of polarity. The hexane fractions exhibited neuroprotective effect against glutamate-stressed N18-RE-105 cells. Overall, results suggest that EF extracts can potentially be used as chemotherapeutic agents against neuronal diseases.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.125-129
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• 2009

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and Parkinson's disease, are caused by neuronal cell death. Apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, excitotoxicity or ischemia are discussed to play a role of neuronal cell death. In order to find the candidate of neuroprotective agent, neuroprotective activity of some medicinal plants was investigated with in vitro assay system using glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultures of rat cortical cells. The aqueous methanolic extracts of twenty-seven medicinal plants were evaluated the protective effects against glutamate-injured excitotoxicity in rat cortical cells at the concentration of 50 $\mu$g/ml and 100 $\mu$g/ml, respectively. Among them, extracts of Lonicera japonica, Taraxacum platycarpum, Polygonum aviculare, Gardenia jasminoides, Forsythia viridissima, Lygodium japonicum, Panax notoginseng, Akebia quinata, Anemarrhena asphodeloides and Phellodendron amurense showed significantly neuroprotective activities against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in primary rat cortical cells.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2018

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH), which is associated with onset of vascular dementia, causes cognitive impairment and neuropathological alterations in the brain. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective effect of duloxetine (DXT), a potent and balanced serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, on CCH-induced neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 region using a rat model of permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion. We found that treatment with 20 mg/kg DXT could attenuate the neuronal damage, the reduction of phosphorylations of mTOR and p70S6K as well as the elevations of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IL-1{\beta}$ levels in the hippocampal CA1 region at 28 days following CCH. These results indicate that DXT displays the neuroprotective effect against CCH-induced hippocampal neuronal death, and that neuroprotective effect of DXT may be closely related with the attenuations of CCH-induced decrease of mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway as well as CCH-induced neuroinflammatory process.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.226-240
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• 2018

Neuroprotection or prevention of neuronal loss is a complicated molecular process that is mediated by various cellular pathways. Use of different pharmacological agents as neuroprotectants has been reported especially in the last decades. These neuroprotective agents act through inhibition of inflammatory processes and apoptosis, attenuation of oxidative stress and reduction of free radicals. Control of this injurious molecular process is essential to the reduction of neuronal injuries and is associated with improved functional outcomes and recovery of the patients admitted to the intensive care unit. This study reviews neuroprotective agents and their mechanisms of action against central nervous system damages.