• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.107-117
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• 2004

The aim of this paper is to introduce a digital $({\kappa}_0,\;{\kappa}_1)$-covering map and a local $({\kappa}_0,\;{\kappa}_1)$-homeomorphism. And further, we show that a digital $({\kappa}_0,\;{\kappa}_1)$-covering map is a local $({\kappa}_0,\;{\kappa}_1)$-homeomorphism and the converse does not hold. Finally, some property of a digital covering map is investigated with relation to some restriction map. Furthermore, we raise an open problem with relation to the product covering map.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.140-151
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• 2001

This study based on the theoretical understanding of multi-layer planting which have engineering, ecological and landscape benefits, was conducted to find out the status of multi-layer planting in the apartment and neighborhood park in Seoul. This study was also aimed to seek for the problematic matters, and suggest a solution on the current multi-layer planting. The results of this study were as follows; 1) Since landscape woody plants have been classified just as tree and shrub in Korea, the classification for the multi-layer planting has been unreasonable, and landscape woody plants might have been classified as tree, sub-tree and shrub, or upper, middle, and lower-layer, It could be defined that upper layer is over eight meters in full growth, middle over 3-8 meters and lower under 3 meters. 2) In apartments, the upper layer consisted of eighteen species, the middle and lower layer seven species each. In neighborhood parks, the upper layer consisted of fifteen species, and the middle and lower layer five species each. 3) In terms of planting year of the surveyed areas, there were no differences in the number of species when planting year of the apartment was divided into two groups, the first half(1900-1995) and the second(1996-2000). But, in terms of individual occupation, the percentage was decreased in upper layer, while there was increasing in middle and lower layer. 4) As the result of survey of multi-layered area, it appeared that apartment was shown 0.65 percent and neighborhood park 0.61 percent of the planted area, which was less than 1 percentage of landscape architecturally planted area. 5) In apartment, the number of individual in middle layers has been increased in the first half and the second, but with respect to the correlation with multi-layered area, the apartments had the "$\rho$=0.208", saying that increasing middle layer was scattered planting instead of multi-layered planting. 6) In planting at the apartments in Korea, the planting density was limited, because the layer division was restricted to only tree and shrub. On the contrary, it was divided into upper, middle and lower tree in Japan. Therefore, in Korea, it should be classified as the planting density by dividing into tree, sub-tree, and shrubs, or upper, middle and lower tree by the law. And, it should be considered that the multi-layered planting has a proper organic relation as well as the planting density.g density.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2006

Objectives: We examined whether the neighborhood socioeconomic position predicts the smoking rates after adjusting for individual socioeconomic position indicators. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2001 Seoul Health Indicators Survey. The neighborhood socioeconomic position was the residential distribution of the high class (power elites), as measured by the location quotients (LQ) for each administrative dong (district). A high LQ denotes a high neighborhood socioeconomic status. The individual socioeconomic position included education, occupation and income. Age-adjusted smoking rates according to the LQ level were computed with the direct method. The total number of subjects in this study (26,022 men and 28,007 women) was the reference. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted with the individuals at the first level and the neighborhoods at the second level to estimate the odds ratios of smoking with 95% confidence intervals. Results: For men, the age-adjusted smoking rates increased with a decrease in the LQ. For women, the relationship between the age-adjusted smoking rate and the LQ was not clear. The odds of smoking for both genders were greater among those subjects with lower incomes and lower education. The manual occupational class had greater odds of smoking than the non-manual class for the males, while the odds ratio of smoking among females with a manual occupation tended to be lower than those females with a non-manual occupation. For the males, the LQ levels independently predicted smoking after adjustment for individual income. However, this relation between the LQ and smoking in males was explained by full adjustment for the individual socioeconomic position indicators (education, occupation and income). Conclusions: A low level of neighborhood socioeconomic position was associated with higher smoking rates among the men residing in Seoul. This association between the neighborhood socioeconomic position and smoking in men was explained by the individual socioeconomic position. Anti-smoking efforts to reduce geographical inequality in smoking should be directed at reducing the smoking rates between the individuals with different socioeconomic backgrounds in the metropolitan city of Seoul, South Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.35-47
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to research the environmental amenity factors of a city to devise the strategies to preserve the factors. For this study, the area of Masan city in Korea was chosen, and questionnaires, field studies, and statistical researches were used. Based on the results, the research showed the city surveyed had expanded by 1,069%, and the population of the city had increased by 272% from 1970 to 1995. In the city-life environment, the traffic was not smooth and the streets were not safe. The number of cars increased by 40,797% from 1970 to 1995, but the total length of roads increased only by 333%. The number of traffic accidents increased by 850%. Buildings were not preserved or maintained and did not have any traditional value. Additionally, buildings were not harmonious with environmental surroundings. Land allocation for utilization was not mixed well with tradition. In relation with the surroundings, there were not enough spaces for old people, and parking spaces were limited. In the field of public policy and finance, economic support and fundamental facilities were not enough. The survey of the household environment and the neighborhood environment showed that the room temperature, sunshine, air condition, and space were medial in the household environment. Public social facilities and entertainment culture had the lowest quality in the neighborhood environment. The city-life environment, the neighborhood environment, and the household environment affected the quality of life in order. The above results showed that cities should be planned upon sustainable development with the idea of emphasizing ecological harmony and considering people first, that citizen should be planned upon sustainable life by the harmony between people and the environment. Cities should be places where all people can live together pleasantly and cooperate with each other.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.36-54
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• 2004

The disposition of public parks pursue proper distribution and hierarchy formations on the basis of the neighborhood units theory. However, problems like price of land has brought about a large gap between theories and real conditions. This paper examines the problems of the practical disposition and disposition standards of public parks to solve these contradictions with reference to examples in Japan metro-cities. Study results are as follows; 1) The existing disposition theories are based on the district-boundary of men’s acting and settling down. Therefore, the disposition standards of large-scale parks or special parks beyond the humane scale have not been explained exactly. 2) As city sizes have expanded, these large-scale parks have developed greatly, however, they are located out of urban areas on the ground of nature’s geographical features. As a result, many small parks developed in urban areas. This extreme phenomenon of location would break up proper distribution and hierarchy. 3) Large parks over 4 ha not only take an important role in forming greenbelts but their location is also mainly based on their natural geographical features so that they are absorbed into the network -structure of greenbelts. 4) It is suggested that in planning parks, location and size of large parks over 4 ha should be selected and decided in the relation not with parks but with greenbelts. Parks of 4 ha or below are properly disposed. Also, these parks take a great role in forming the district boundary for settling down. Accordingly, proper distribution and hierarchy formation needs to be based on established neighborhood as they were previously.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.69-84
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine change in adolescent depression across time and to determine the relation between individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and depression. Methods: This study employed multilevel latent growth analysis using longitudinal data from Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey. A sample of this study consists of 2,351 adolescents who were in first grade of middle school in 2010. Results: Results showed that both initial level and downward trajectory of depression varied significantly across individuals as well as across neighborhoods. On the individual level, self-rated economic condition(b=-0.203, p<.001) was related to the initial level of depression. Adolescents whose father had a high educational level(b=0.028, p<.001) or whose mother had a low educational level(b=-0.022, p=.011) had lower rates of decline in adolescent depression. On the neighborhood level, neighborhood deprivation index (b=0.003, p=.019) and gini coefficient(b=0.124, p=.040) were associated with lower rates of decline in depression. Conclusions: Low SES in adolescence is correlated with worse mental health, especially depression. Social disparities in depression likely originate before adulthood. The findings argue for the importance of understanding depression in adolescence from a multilevel or ecological framework.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.677-690
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• 2019

Recently, the importance and effectiveness of neighborhood forests have been increasing in relation to the quality of life of urban residents. However, there are very few domestic studies that analyzed the correlation between visit characteristics and life satisfaction. Therefore, the study aims to understand how people use the forest for recreation and determine how visit characteristics in neighborhood forests affect individual life satisfaction(ILS). A nationwide survey (N=2,624) was conducted on visit frequency, proximity to forest, means of transportation, forest activities, and life satisfaction. To measure ILS, we used the three factors (personal, relative, collective) of COMOSWB (Concise Measure of Subjective Well-being) developed by Seo et al.(2011). The analysis shows that people usually visit the forest located within the distance of 10-30 minutes from their homes 1-2 times a month on foot for hiking/walking (forest bathing). In particular, the older visitors(over 60s) tend to visit the forest more often than the younger ones (20s). Furthermore, more frequent visitors are more likely to live near the forest. As a result of analyzing the correlation between visit characteristics and ILS by controlling demographic variables, it was found that 'visit frequency' had a positive effect on ILS, and 'proximity to the forest' did not have a statistically significant effect on ILS. In other words, residents who live near the forests are more likely to be satisfied with their lives by visiting frequently. The significance of the study is that it statistically determined that visit frequency is a key factor for ILS. Future studies should take into account the various qualitative factors of forest visit such as vegetation, quantity and types of forest, which will contribute to setting the direction for urban forest development and management.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.27-39
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to present a guideline for the construction of children park that can create a quality of dwelling and be easily approached and utilized by residents. In order to present a direction of planning, the investigator examined the actual state of children park in low-rise house residential area, and analyzed its general characteristics. And the discriminative characteristics according to the standpoints of planning of children park. The analytic standpoints were classified into the size and disposition of park, the nature of adjacent street and the utilization of park, and the satisfaction and requirement for the internal space of park. The guideline of planning of children park are as follow: (1) The disposition and size of children park: the children park must be disposed convenient use of all the residents. (2) The environment around including approaching streets and facilities around: residents' recognition and access in their everyday life must be considered in relation to the neighborhood streets and surrounding facilities. (3) The composition and utilization of internal space: the internal space must support all the activities of users, and reflect users' requirements in order to induce them to use it continuously.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.161-175
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• 2001

This study researched the interrelation between the development of the middle school student\` personality and their residential environments on 406 middle school students. The purpose of this research were to suggest a better residential environment as a desirable educational condition for making juveniles\` sound self-realization. The results of this research were as follows. 1. According to the their parents\` social status on middle school students\` personality the students. especially their parents had a service and technical expert official job of a better academic career showed an excellent score in personality. 2. According to the relation between the residential environment on their personality. it was said that the students. (1) who had their own study room at their own house. (2) who had a better house equipment and relatively a safety from fire danger. (3) who were living at the house which had been equipped a ventilation and sound isolation. were higher in the Personality score than any other groups. 3. According to the neighborhood and their personality the students who were living in some comfortable environments such as the divided collect of trash and the neighborhood natural surroundings skewed a high score in personality.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.33-41
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• 1998

To accomodate increasing housing shortage in many cities, Korean Government has implemented various residental land development projects to provide more land for new housing construction. Most of the residential areas developed by these projects were used for multi-family housing units. Under this process, the size and location of the neighborhood service facilities in the development area were regulated by uniform standards. For this reason, the neighborhood service facilities were not able to be provided according to the household density but provided in minimum status required by these standards. Based on these considerations, this study aimed to evaluated residential land development project conducted by pubilc authority, one of the residential land development projects in Korea. Results of the case studies confirmed findings from literature review and proposed that existing regulations applied to these projects need to be amended not only to accomodata unique situation of each development area but also to enhance level of the dwelling environment. As ways to resolve these problems, this study suggests followings: (1) more flexible operation of the regulations, (2) inclusion of the socio-economic characteristics of the perspective resident in planning process, and (3) introduction of design techniques in the project. Finally, this study proposed future study directions in relation to this issue.