• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.173-175
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• 2007

The lexical decision task (LDT) commonly postulates the activation of semantic level. However, there are few studies for the feedback effect from semantic level. The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether the feedback effect from semantic level is facilitatory or inhibitory in Korean LDT. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the number of phonological syllable neighbors (PSN) and the number of semantic neighbors (SEN) orthogonally while orthographic syllable neighbor (OSN) is dense. In the results, the significant facilitatory effect was shown in words with many SEN. In Experiment 2, we examined same conditions as Experiment 1 but OSN was sparse. Although the similar lexical decision latency pattern was shown, there was no statistical significance. These results can be explained by the feedback activation from semantic level. If a target has many SENs and many PSNs, it receives more feedback activation from semantic level than a target with few SENs and PSNs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.649-651
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• 2004

본 논문은 메모리 집적도의 증가로 인해 많이 발생하는 이웃 패턴 감응 고장에 대한 효율적인 테스팅 방법을 제안하고 있다. 기존의 테스팅 방법에서는 비트 단위의 순차적인 셀 어레이 접근으로 인해 결함 검출율과 테스팅 시간에 있어서 문제를 가지고 있다. 이러한 문제들을 본 논문에서는 이웃 패턴 감응 고장을 효율적으로 검출 할 수 있는 타일 방식으로 셀 어레이를 구분하여 이웃 셀의 영역을 제한한다 그리고 기본 셀과 이웃 셀에 필요한 패턴을 병렬로 입출력시킬 수 있는 병렬 접근 디코더와 검출기를 설계함으로써 전체 테스팅 시간을 줄이고 결함 검출율을 높일 수 있는 방법을 제안한다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.425-435
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• 2020

This study aims to investigate the impact of the physical structure, such as altitude, slope gradient, slope direction, and topographical structure, and the vegetation pattern, such as existing vegetation, diameter of breast height (DBH), and crown density, on climate. The analysis results showed the significant difference in relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation at varying altitudes, the significant difference in all climate factors except for the wind speed at varying slope gradient, and significant difference in temperature and relative humanity at varying slope direction. The topographic structures were divided into valleys, slopes, and ridges. They were found to differ in relative humidity. However, the differences between constant trends and types were found to be insignificant concerning temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation. Significant differences in temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were recorded with changing existing vegetation. The DBH showed a significant difference in temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation. The crown density showed a significant difference in temperature and solar radiation. The result of the relationship analysis for the analysis of the effect of vegetation pattern and physical structure on the meteorological environment showed that temperature was affected by slope gradient, slope direction, DBH, and crown density. The relative humidity was correlated with the altitude, slope gradient, slope direction, and topological structure in physical structure and the existing vegetation and crow density in vegetation pattern. The wind speed was correlated with the altitude, existing vegetation, and DHB, and the solar radiation was correlated with the slope gradient, DHG, and crown density. The crown density was the most overall significant factor in temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation, followed by the slope gradient. DBH was also found to be highly correlated with temperature and solar radiation and significantly correlated with wind speed, but there was no statistically significant correlation with relative humidity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.863-870
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• 2012

The market trends of automatic meter reading associated with smart water meters were investigated. Also, recent developments and field applications of key technology for automatic meter reading associated with smart water meters were analyzed. Smart water meters have been manufactured mostly in United States and Europe and have been expanded their business to Asia. Integrated water management system combining with the additional functions such as real-time consumption metering, cost notification, water conservation, leak detection, water quality monitoring, and flow control have been operated in automatic meter reading. Both water quality and quantity data measured from smart water meters and sensors were transferred to data concentration units through neighborhood area network, and then were transferred to integrated server through wide area network. The data transfer methods were determined by comprehensively considering urban scale, density of smart water meters, power supply and network topologies. Common data collection methods such as fixed network to data concentation units, vehicles drive by, people walk by, and drone fly by have been applied. The automatic meter reading associated with smart water meters are spread throughout the world, and both water and energy savings result in saving the money and reducing the greenhouse gases emission.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.76-89
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• 2014

The functions of urban park including health related benefit and climate adaptation and mitigation are expanding. However, in-depth research and discourse on the equitable distribution of expanded park function has been limited so far. Following research suggests Green Welfare concept to reflect distributive equity and multifunctionality in the process of urban park policy development and execution. This study developed park welfare indices to analyze disparities of neighborhood urban park(NUP) distribution viewed from green welfare by literature review. The findings analyzed through the Correlation Analysis and Cluster Analysis by SPSS 18.0. The results of the study are as follows. First, green welfare is defined as "to receive equitable benefits and participate in the delivery process of green services which are promoting health and securing safety from climate change risks for every citizen by life cycle regardless of socioeconomic status". Second, NUP per person in Seoul indicate meaningful differences by socioeconomic and environmental status of Seoul administrative districts. Park welfare indices correlated to NUP per person were shown population density(negative), percentage of individuals $aged{\geq}65$(positive), percentage of self-reliance of local finance(positive), flood and air pollution vulnerability by climate change(negative). Third, the cluster analysis identifies three significant clusters that indicate differences of park welfare level. Thus, it was found that NUP in Seoul from a green welfare perspective was provided disproportionately. Future urban park policy in Seoul was required equitable distribution of multifunctionality of park beyond quantitative expansion, and priority consideration should be given to park service consumer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.5 s.83
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• pp.93-104
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• 2005

Transit-Oriented Development Model, which is recently proposed to activate transit use, is suitable for solving environmental erosion problems of sprawl cities with low urban density. Accordingly this model is inadequate to apply to Muti-Nucleated City with high urban density like Seoul. With this background. this study proposes ways to effectively implement changes from automobile-oriented Seoul to transit-oriented city through comparative analysis of the urban design policy of Station Impact Zone (SIZ) of Seoul and Transit-Oriented Development Policy of Singapore and Tokyo. First, the study suggests that the implementation strategies for Transit-Oriented Development in the job-oriented SIZ and the neighborhood-oriented SIZ should be made separately. In addition, the job-oriented SIZ should be designated as 'Strategic Centers' in Seoul Comprehensive Plan in order to make Transit-Oriented Centers. Lastly, the SIZ should be designated as 'the Empowerment Zones' in order to make the blighted areas around stations viable for redevelopment and new incentive system should be applied to activate setting up transit-transfer facilities.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.164-171
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• 2007

This research used GIS spatial analysis model and Huff probability model and achieved trade area analysis of area center. we constructed basic maps that were surveyed according to types of business, number of households etc. using a land registration map of LMIS(Land Management Information System) in Bokdae-dong, Cheongju-si. Kernel density function and NNI(Nearest Neighbor Index) was used to estimate store distribution center area in neighborhood life zones. The center point of area and scale were estimated by means of the center area. Huff probability model was used in abstracting trade areas according to estimated center areas, those was drew map. Therefore, this study describes method that can apply in Huff probability model through kernel density function and NNI of GIS spatial analysis techniques. A trade area was abstracted more exactly by taking advantage of this method, which will can aid merchant for the foundation of small sized enterprises.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.50.2-51
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• 2021

Stars form exclusively in cold and dense molecular clouds. To fully understand star formation processes, it is hence a key to investigate how molecular clouds form out of the surrounding diffuse atomic gas. With an aim of shedding light in the process of the atomic-to-molecular transition in the interstellar medium, we analyze Arecibo HI emission and absorption spectral pairs along with TRAO/PMO 12CO(1-0) emission spectra toward 58 lines of sight probing in and around molecular clouds in the solar neighborhood, i.e., Perseus, Taurus, and California. 12CO(1-0) is detected from 19 out of 58 lines of sight, and we report the physical properties of HI (e.g., central velocity, spin temperature, and column density) in the vicinity of CO. Our preliminary results show that the velocity difference between the cold HI (Cold Neutral Medium or CNM) and CO (median ~ 0.7 km/s) is on average more than a factor of two smaller than the velocity difference between the warm HI (Warm Neutral Medium or WNM) and CO (median ~ 1.7 km/s). In addition, we find that the CNM tends to become colder (median spin temperature ~ 43 K) and abundant (median CNM fraction ~ 0.55) as it gets closer to CO. These results hints at the evolution of the CNM in the vicinity of CO, implying a close association between the CNM and molecular gas. Finally, in order to examine the role of HI in the formation of molecular gas, we compare the observed CNM properties to the theoretical model by Bialy & Sternberg (2016), where the HI column density for the HI-to-H2 transition point is predicted as a function of density, metallicity, and UV radiation field. Our comparison shows that while the model reproduces the observations reasonably well on average, the observed CNM components with high column densities are much denser than the model prediction. Several sources of this discrepancy, e.g., missing physical and chemical ingredients in the model such as the multi-phase ISM, non-equilibrium chemistry, and turbulence, will be discussed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.150-160
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• 2014

In this study, the analysis carried out on characteristic of planting species and planting density of parks and green spaces in downtown city of Haengjeong-dong in Wonju, Gangwon Province. We found that 8,050 coniferous trees (19 species), 6,037 deciduous trees (61 species) and 77,609 shrubs 103 species were planted in the parks and green space in Haengjeong-dong. However, a conifer Pinus strobus is highly concentrated in all four kinds of places which are neighborhood park, children's park, green buffer zone and landscape green space regardless of their period of construction and usage of surrounding land and other trees were planted in order of Pinus koraiensis, Prunus yedoensis, Acer palmatum, Zelkova serrata, Pinus densiflora. Average planting density of parks and green spaces is $0.03tree/m^2$ for a tall tree and $0.18tree/m^2$ for a shrub, which shows low planting density in most parks and green spaces of Wonju. Also, understory vegetation was not planted enough. Since area of lawn is wide in green spaces, planting density is needed to be increased and tall trees should be planted more. Therefore, we suggest planting more trees in an area where trees are not planted, multi-layered vegetation and increasing in planting density through shrub planting etc., by identifying spaces for trees to be planted within parks and green spaces.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.2 no.5
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• pp.347-352
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• 2013

In impulse noise filtering techniques window size play an important role. Usually, an appropriate window is determined according to the noise density. A small window may not be able to suppress noise properly whereas a large window may remove edges and fine image details. Moreover, the value of the central pixel is estimated by considering all pixels within the window. In this work, contrary to the previous approaches, we propose an iterative impulse noise removal scheme that emphasizes on noise-free pixels within a small neighborhood. The iterative process continues until all noisy pixels are replaced with the estimated pixels. In order to estimate the optimal value for a noisy pixel, a genetic programming (GP) based estimator is evolved that takes few noise-free pixels as input. The estimator is constituent of noise-free pixels, arithmetic operators and random constants. Experimental results show that theproposed scheme is capable of removing impulse noise effectively while preserving the fine image details. Especially, our approach has shown effectiveness against high impulse noise density.