• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.56-63
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• 2019

Typical negative group delay circuits (NGDC) are analyzed in terms of signal attenuation, group delay, and bandwidth using S-parameters. By inverting these formulations, we derive and present the design equations (for NGD circuit elements) for a desired specification of the two among the three parameters. The proposed design method is validated through simulation examples for narrow- and wide-band pulse inputs in the time and frequency domains. Moreover, an NGDC composed of lumped elements is fabricated at 1 GHz for measurement. As a function of frequency, the circuit-/EM-simulated and measured group delays are in good agreement. The provided simple NGDC design equations may be useful for many applications that require compensations of some signal delays.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2016

This paper presents the design of a negative group delay circuit (NGDC) using the filter synthesis approach. The proposed design method is based on a frequency transformation from a low-pass filter (LPF) to a bandstop filter (BSF). The predefined negative group delay (NGD) can be obtained by inserting resistors into resonators. To implement a circuit with a distributed transmission line, a circuit conversion technique is employed. Both theoretical and experimental results are provided for validating of the proposed approach. For NGD bandwidth and magnitude flatness enhancements, two second-order NGDCs with slightly different center frequencies are cascaded. In the experiment, group delay of $5.9{\pm}0.5ns$ and insertion loss of $39.95{\pm}0.5dB$ are obtained in the frequency range of 1.935-2.001 GHz.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.681-689
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 분산 소자 형태의 마이너스 군지연 회로를 이용함으로써 피드포워드 증폭기의 효율 개선 및 구현의 용이성을 증대시킬 수 있는 새로운 구조의 피드포워드 증폭기를 제안한다. 피드포워드 증폭기의 지연 소자에 의한 삽입 손실은 심각한 시스템의 효율 저하를 유발한다. 일반적으로 이러한 손실을 줄이기 위하여 고출력 동축 케이블 또는 지연 선로 여파기를 사용하지만, 그러한 소자들의 삽입 손실조차도 무시할 수 없어서 피드포워드 증폭기의 제약 사항으로 작용한다. 제안하는 마이너스 군지연 회로를 이용함으로써 광대역 선형화를 위해 혼변조 왜곡 신호 상쇄 루프에 사용되는 지연 소자를 제거할 수 있다. 중심 주파수가 2.14 GHz인 WCDMA 하향 대역에서 -9 ns의 군지연, 0.2 dB의 삽입 손실, 그리고 30 MHz의 대역폭을 갖도록 제작된 2단 분산 소자 마이너스 군지연 회로를 이용하여 제작된 제안하는 구조의 피드포워드 증폭기는 평균 출력 전력이 44 dBm 일 때 -53.2 dBc의 인접 채널 누설비(Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio: ACLR)를, 19.4 %의 전력 부가 효율(Power Added Efficiency: PAE)을 갖는 것으로 측정되었다.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.76-81
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• 2015

This paper presents a design of a transmission line negative group delay (NGD) circuit with multiple pole characteristics. By inserting an additional transmission line into a conventional NGD circuit, the proposed circuit provides further design parameters to obtain wideband group delay (GD) and to help reduce signal attenuation. As a result, the number of gain compensating amplifiers can be reduced, which can contribute to stable operation when integrated into RF systems. The multiple pole characteristics can provide wider NGD bandwidth and can be obtained by connecting resonators with slightly different center frequencies separated by quarter-wavelength transmission lines. For experimental validation, an NGD circuit with two poles GD characteristic is designed, simulated, and measured.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제59권2호
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• pp.374-379
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• 2010

In this paper, we have mathematically analyzed lumped element type negative group delay circuit (NGDC) and derived general design equation. The applicability of the proposed design equation is validated with mathematical and circuit simulation as well as with experimental results for intentional mobile telecommunication 2000 (IMT-2000) downlink band. As a design example, single branch NGDC with -0.8ns of group delay (GD) for narrow bandwidth of the specific frequency is simulated and fabricated. Finally, $\pi$-network NGDC is proposed and validated to obtain wideband GD response of $-1.7{\pm}0.06$ nsec for 60 MHz.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1143-1153
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 마이너스 군지연 회로를 이용하여 아날로그 RF 피드백 증폭기의 선형성 개선 대역폭을 증가시킬 수 있는 새로운 방법을 제안한다. 피드백 증폭기는 피드백 경로의 전달 시간 오차로 인하여 선형성 개선 대역폭이 제한되며, 그로 인하여 강력한 선형성 개선 효과에도 불구하고 거의 사용되지 않고 있다. 선행 연구를 통해 설계된 마이너스 군지연 회로의 군지연 특성을 응용하여 기존의 피드백 구조의 한계인 군지연 정합 문제를 해결하였다. 제작된 피드백 증폭기에 2-carrier Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) 신호를 인가하여 측정한 결과, WCDMA 기지국 하향 대역의 50 MHz 대역 전반에 걸쳐서 15 dB 이상의 선형성 개선 효과를 얻을 수 있었다. 평균 출력 전력이 28 dBm일 때 5 MHz 이격된 주파수에서 측정된 인접 채널 누설비(Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio: ACLR)는 최대 25.1 dB 개선되어 -53.2 dBc로 측정되었다.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.76-82
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• 2011

In this paper, a novel design for a dual-band negative group delay circuit (NGDC) is proposed. Composite right/left-handed (CRLH) ${\lambda}/4$ short stubs are employed as a dual-band resonator. A CRLH ${\lambda}/4$ short stub is composed of a typical transmission line element as the right-handed component and a high-pass lumped element section as the left-handed component. It is possible to simultaneously obtain open impedances at two separate frequencies by the combination of distinctive phase responses of the right/left-handed components. Negative group delay (NGD) can be obtained at two frequencies by using dual-band characteristics of the CRLH stub. In order to achieve a bandwidth extension, the proposed structure consists of a two-stage dual-band NGDC with different center frequencies connected in a cascade. According to the experiment performed, with wide-band code division multiple access (WCDMA) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), NGDs of $-3.0{\pm}0.4$ ns and $-3.1{\pm}0.5$ ns are obtained at 2.12~2.16 GHz and 3.46~3.54 GHz, respectively.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.236-244
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 기존에 제안된 일반적인 집중 소자 마이너스 군지연 회로가 설계시 사용 가능한 소자 값이 제한되어 있다는 점에 착안하여 마이너스 군지연 회로(Negative Group Delay Circuit: NGDC)를 평면 구조로 설계할 수 있는 방법에 관하여 제안한다. 몇 가지 형태의 집중 소자 회로를 해석하여 마이너스 군지연 특성을 얻을 수 있는 조건을 분석하고, 이를 수식화하여 설계에 이용할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한 전송 선로 공진기의 개념을 도입하여 집중 소자를 분산 소자로 변환할 수 있도록 하였다. 설계 예시로써, 군지연 시간이 -8 ns인 집중 소자 및 평면 구조의 1단 NGDC를 설계하여 비교하였다. 상용 주파수 대역 내에서 엄격한 평탄도 요구 조건을 만족시키는 마이너스 군지연 응답을 얻기 위하여, WCDMA(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) 하향 대역에서 총군지연 시간이 -5.6 ns, 삽입 손실이 -0.2 dB, 대역폭이 30 MHz(2.125~2.155 GHz)이며, 해당 대역 내에서 삽입 손실 평탄도가 0.1 dB, 군지연 평탄도가 0.5 ns 이내인 평면 구조 2단 NGDC를 제작하였다. 제안하는 NGDC의 유용성을 검토하기 위하여 간단한 신호 상쇄 루프에 대한 실험을 수행하였으며, 뛰어난 신호 상쇄 효과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.583-595
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to prove that the effect of waiting environment on perceived waiting time and service satisfaction of airline service and airport service procedure. Methods: Survey was conducted by questionnaires that were distributed to international airlines passengers. Survey data were collected 276 copies from 300 copies then analyzed using factor analysis and multi-regression analysis. The measurements of airline service procedure were divided by airlines service and airport service. Airline service segregated as before boarding and after boarding then airport service can be separated before boarding and after deplane by service procedure. Results: According to result, hypotheses were partially accepted. Human environment and Physical environment of airport service before boarding and after deplane were accepted. However perceived waiting time had effect on service satisfaction both airline and airport services. Thus some of variables are correlated among waiting environment. Acceptability as moderating variable has differences on high acceptable group and low acceptable group. Though waiting and delay were caused by controllable or uncontrollable reasons, there are certain negative feeling on waiting and delay on physical environment of airline service. Especially controllable delay and waiting are more negative than uncontrollable reasons. Conclusion: Some suggestions that given from researcher should be implemented to the airline industry to reduce perceived waiting time specially airport service procedure academically and practically.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of lifestyle on the perceived value of children in university students. Questionnaires were distributed to 467 university students with questions covering topics including general personal information and characteristics, lifestyle type, and value of children. First, a cluster analysis based on lifestyle showed that the subjects could be categorized into three groups: negative-leisure types, active-achievement types, and affirmative-fidelity types. The negative-leisure type was highly leisure-oriented and showed a negative self-value; the active-achievement type showed a perspective that valued personal and occupational self-development and a high level of labor-oriented value; and the affirmative-fidelity type favored materialism, seeking occupational aptitude and worth and showing a positive self-value. Second, an investigation of the impact of these three lifestyle types on the students' value of children revealed that the active-achievement type group had high level of belief in the necessity of childbirth, the affirmative-fidelity type group highly valued fulfilling an active parent role, and the active-achievement type group were inclined to delay childbirth. Further, the negative-leisure type group wanted the lowest number of children, while the affirmative-fidelity type group wanted the highest number of children. This study reveals that university students' lifestyle does have an effect on their value of children. It is therefore proposed that a value-focused population education for increasing fertility should relate not only to individuals' value of children but also to their broader lifestyle.