• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.115-131
• /
• 2007

The 305 fathers and mothers of 4- to 5-year-old children and their teachers participating in this study responded to three kinds of questionnaires. Findings were that (1) fathers reported greater control of their sons' negative expressiveness; mothers reported greater control of their sons' positive expressiveness. Mothers perceived daughters more likely to regulate their emotions than their sons and teachers perceived girls more likely to be well-adjusted interpersonally than boys. (2) Fathers who reported higher control of their sons' negative expressiveness had sons with higher popularity/leadership; mothers who reported higher control of sons' negative expressiveness had sons with lower interpersonal adjustment. (3) Boys with higher emotion regulation showed higher interpersonal adjustment and popularity/leadership. (4) Mothers' control of boys' negative expressiveness influenced boys' interpersonal adjustment, and boys' emotion regulation and fathers' control of boys' negative expressiveness influenced boys' popularity/leadership.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.44 no.1 s.215
• /
• pp.75-85
• /
• 2006

Emotional expressiveness is a pathway by which parents affect the emotional competence of their children. This study examined how the emotional expressiveness of parents is influenced by the emotional reactions of their children and demographic characteristics within a family context. Data for the present study were from 200 parents in 100 two-parent families who completed self-report questionnaires for emotional expressiveness, children's emotional reactions to stressful situations, and demographics. In preliminary analyses, mothers expressed emotions more frequently than fathers did, and mothers with high expressiveness of positive emotions were more educated and had higher family income. Although fathers' emotional expressiveness was closely related to mothers' expressiveness, none of the demographic factors were related to fathers' expressiveness. When all predictors were considered in hierarchical multiple regressions, family income was the significant predictor for mothers' positive expressiveness, whereas mothers' negative expressiveness were explained by children's emotional reactions, mother education, child sex, the number of siblings, fathers' education, and mothers' time spent with children. When controlled for mothers' expressiveness, fathers' time spent with children was the only significant predictor for fathers' negative expressiveness. The results of this study suggested that parents' emotional expressiveness varied with socioeconomic status. The discussion also examines the gender differences between mothers and fathers in emotional expressiveness, and their relations to children's sex.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.187-199
• /
• 2007

The relation of parents' emotion socialization to emotionality in their 5-year-old children was studied in 106 mothers and 105 fathers. They reported on their own family-related emotional expressiveness and on their children's negative emotions by questionnaires; mothers rated children on both positive and negative emotionality. Results showed that mothers expressed positive and negative emotions more frequently, and mothers showed more distress, expressive encouragement, and problem-focused reactions to children's negative emotions than fathers. Mothers' emotional expressiveness was related to children's emotionality, whereas only fathers' negative emotional expressiveness was related to children's negative emotionality. Mothers' distress and punitive reactions were associated with children's positive and negative emotionality. Mothers' problem-focused and emotion-focused and fathers' problem-focused reactions were associated with children's positive emotionality.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.195-208
• /
• 2009

This research was a comparative study of children's mothers in counseling and mothers in non-counseling (comparison) groups to examine differences between groups in emotional expressiveness, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, type of communication and parenting behavior, Subjects were 91 mothers having counseling and 133 mothers in the non-counseling group. Data were analyzed by independent samples t-test. Results showed that mothers in the non-counseling group reported more positive emotional expressiveness than the counseling group. Mothers in the counseling group reported more ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, more negative communications and more negative parenting behavior than the comparison group.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.33-56
• /
• 2008

This study examined effects on children's emotional expressiveness and regulation strategies or maternal attitudes and emotional expressiveness. Participants were 180 children(88 girls) age 3-5, their mothers, and 20 teachers. Results showed boys used more aggressive and girls used more positive coping strategies. Younger children used more aggressive and non-expressive strategies. When mothers had more Permissive and Accepting attitudes, children used more positive coping strategies. When mothers had more Restrictive or Controlling attitudes, children used more aggressive strategies. When mothers expressed positive emotions, children used fewer aggressive and venting strategies. When mothers expressed negative emotions, children used more aggressive and fewer positive coping and non-expressive strategies. Negative maternal emotional expressiveness was an especially influential factor on children's emotional regulation strategies.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.44 no.11
• /
• pp.51-65
• /
• 2006

This study examined the influence of mothers' and children's emotional expressiveness on children's social competence. Sixty-five kindergarten children and their mothers were observed in a lab setting which included 5 free play and 5 task episodes. The children's and mothers' behaviors during these episodes were videotaped and rated by two coders in terms of emotional expressiveness, sociability to others, ability to regulate frustration, compliance, and autonomy. Intercoder reliability between the two coders for each behavioral category ranged from .84 to .99. The results showed that children's social competence was significantly influenced by their positive expressiveness, indicating that children with higher expressiveness were more sociable to others and less frustrated in a stressful situation. Significant relationships were also found between mothers' and children's negative expressiveness, and children's compliance and autonomy. In particular, the consistency between mothers' and children's levels of negative expressiveness significantly predicted the children's compliance and autonomy. The socialization of emotion between mothers and children was discussed, as was the relationship between emotional and social competence. Suggestions for future study were also presented.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.299-310
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among emotional expressiveness, marital satisfaction, and stress coping styles of preschool mothers. The subjects for this study were 158 mothers whose children, 4-6 years of age, are enrolled in 5 kindergartens in Gyounsang-do. Mothers completed questionnaires reporting their emotional expressiveness, marital satisfaction, and stress coping styles. Data was analyzed by correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis through SPSS 17.0 The findings of the study are as follows: First, there are significant correlations among emotional expressiveness, marital satisfaction, and stress coping styles of the mothers, respectively. Second, mothers' active coping style is significantly influenced by three factors: negative emotional expressiveness, communication and conflict solving, and positive emotional expressiveness. Third, mothers' passive coping style is significantly influenced by three factors: the expectations of their spouse's role, intimacy, and positive emotional expressiveness. In conclusion, it is necessary to encourage mothers to express their positive or negative emotions actively and improve their marital satisfaction to cope with stress effectively.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.322-332
• /
• 2013

This study was done to investigate emotional awareness, emotional expressiveness, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, and college student adjustment, to analyze the factor affecting college student adjustment. The subjects were 159 freshman nursing students. Data were collected through structured questionnaires from May 20 to June 10, 2012. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression with SPSS WIN v 18.0. Positive correlation were found between college student adjustment and mood monitoring as well as mood labeling. On the other hand, ambivalence over positive emotional expressiveness and ambivalence over negative emotional expressiveness were significantly negative correlation with college student adjustment. In addition, mood monitoring, ambivalence over positive emotional expressiveness, mood labeling, and ambivalence over negative emotional expressiveness accounted for 31.8% of variance in college student adjustment. The results of this study suggest that programs for promoting emotional awareness and reducing ambivalence over emotional expressiveness are important for college adjustment in freshman nursing students.

• Human Ecology Research
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.265-277
• /
• 2015

This study examines child emotional intelligence in relation to mother's emotional expressiveness and reaction to child negative emotions. A sample of 352 children and mothers from 4 elementary schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi participated in the study. Child emotional intelligence and mother's reaction to child negative emotions were evaluated by child-report, and mother's emotional expressiveness was assessed by mother-report. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, two-way analysis of variances, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analyses. The findings were as follows. First, mothers of boys showed more oversensitive-reaction to child negative emotions than mothers of girls. Mothers of 6th-graders showed more emotion-minimizin-greaction to child negative emotions than mothers of 5th-graders. Second, girls showed a higher level of overall emotional intelligence than boys. Girls showed a higher level of emotion expression and emotion regulation than boys. The 5th-graders showed higher level of emotion expression than 6th-graders; however, 6th graders showed a higher level of emotion perception than 5th-graders. Third, more emotion-coaching-reaction and less oversensitive-reaction by mothers predicted a better emotional intelligence of children. A mother's appropriate emotional socialization behaviors associated with child emotional intelligence were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.87-96
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the father's emotional expressiveness and verbal controls, and his children's social competency depending on gender. Subjects were 156 five-year-old children and their fathers in 4 private kindergarten in Gyeongi province. The data obtained were analyzed by frequencies, percentiles, means, standard deviations, Cronbach's alpha, t-test, and Pearson's correlations. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1) A significant difference was found between the children's gender in terms of children's external behavioral problems in social competency. 2) There was a negative correlation between the fathers' negative emotional expressiveness and their male children's social competency. 3) There was a negative correlation between the fathers' imperative control under verbal controls and their male children's social competency.