• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.87-91
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of $Ca^{2+}-channel$ blockers in norepinephrine (NE) release from rat hippocampus. Slices and synaptosomes were incubated with $[^3H]-NE$ and the releases of the labelled products were evoked by 25 mM KCl stimulation. Nifedipine, diltiazem, nicardipine, flunarizine and pimozide did not affect the evoked and basal release of NE in the slice. But, diltiazem, nicardipine and flunarizine decreased the evoked NE release with a dose-related manner without any change of the basal release from synaptosomes. Also, a large dose of pimozide produced modest decrement of NE release. ${\omega}-conotoxin$ (CTx) GVIA decreased the evoked NE release in a dose-dependent manner without changing the basal release. And ${\omega}-CTxMVIIC$ decreased the evoked NE release in the synaoptosomes without any effect in the slice, but the effect of decrement was far less than that of ${\omega}-CTxGVIA.$ In interaction experiments with ${\omega}-CTxGVIA,\;{\omega}-CTxMVIIC$ slightly potentiated the effect of ${\omega}-CTxGVIA$ on NE release in the slice and synaptosomal preparations. These results suggest that the NE release in the rat hippocampus is mediated mainly by N-type $Ca^{2+}-channels,$ and that other types such as L-, T- and/or P/Q-type $Ca^{2+}-channels$ could also be participate in this process.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.139-150
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• 1996

The effects of adenosine analogues on the electrically-evoked norepinephrine(NE) release and the influence of ischemia on the effects were studied in the rat hippocampus. Slices from the rat hippocampus were equilibrated with $0.1{\mu}M$ $[^3H]-norepinephrine$ and the release of the labelled product, $[^3H]-NE$, was evoked by electrical stimulation(3 Hz, 2 ms, 5 $VCm^{-1}$ and rectangular pulses for 90 sec), and the influence of various agents on the evoked tritium-outflow was investigated. Ischemia(15min with 95% $N_2$ +5% $CO_2$) increased both the basal and evoked NE release. These increases were abolished by addition of glucose into the superfused medium, and they were significantly inhibited either by $0.3\;{\mu}M$ tetrodotoxin pretreatment or by removing $Ca^{++}$ in the medium. MK-801$(1{sim}10\;{\mu}M)$, a specific NMDA receptor antagonist, and glibenclamide $(1\;{\mu}M)$, a $K^+-channel$ inhibitor, neither alter the evoked NE release nor affected the Ischemia-Induced increases in NE release. However, polymyxin B(0.03 mg), a specific protein kinase C inhibitor, inhibited the effect of ischemia on the evoked NE release. Adenosine and $N^6-cyclopentyladenosine$ decreased the NE release in a dose-dependent manner in ischemic condition, though the magnitude of inhibition was far less than those in normal (normoxic) condition. Also the treatment with $5{\mu}M$ DPCPX, a potent $A_1-adenosine$ receptor antagonist did not affect the ischemia-effect. These results suggest that the evoked-NE release is potentiated by ischemia, and this process being most probably mediated by protein kinase C, and that the decrease of NE release mediated through $A_1-adenosine$ receptor is significantly inhibited in ischemic state.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.165-173
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• 2019

Purpose: Norepinephrine (NE) is a neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system. It is used for treating hypotension on distributive shock, central nervous system injury, or sepsis. There are several reports that state that alcohol suppresses vasoconstriction by NE. Thus, our hypothesis is that the effect of NE is reduced in alcohol-drinking patients with distributive shock. We investigated whether alcohol suppresses NE-induced contraction and aimed at finding a solution to this problem. Methods: For this study, we used the aorta from male Sprague-Dawley rats (9-11 weeks) and an isometric contraction system. Results: Our results showed that alcohol suppresses NE contraction and does not affect epinephrine induced a contraction. Moreover, in the presence of alcohol, a 7:3 mixture of NE and epinephrine induced a contractile force similar to that induced by NE under normal conditions. Conclusion: We found that the vasoconstrictive force of NE decreased in the blood vessels in which alcohol was present, which was not because endothelial cells. The reduced contractile force was most similar to that induced by a 7:3 mixture of NE and epinephrine.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.431-431
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• 2010

본 논문은 기존의 수은 형광 램프와 LED를 대체할 수 있는 무 수은 면광원의 방전 가스 조성 변화(He, Ne, Ar, Xe)에 따른 전기 광학 특성에 관한 연구이다.[1]~[4] 무 수은 면광원의 기본 구조는 그림 1과 같이 방전 공간 내에 유전체에 의해 방전 공간과 분리된 한 쌍의 평행한 전극으로 이루어져 있다. 그리고 방전 공간 내면에는 일정한 두께와 형상을 가지는 형광체가 도포되어 있고 주 전극의 반대 평판유리 외벽에 보조전극을 형성하였다. 방전을 발생시키기 위한 기본적인 구동 방법은 5~25kHz의 주파수와 $0.7{\sim}1.5{\mu}s$의 폭을 가지는 사각 펄스를 사용한다.[4] 그림 2는 Ne-Xe 가스를 기본으로 하여 He 첨가에 따른 전기 광학 특성을 보여준다. He 첨가량이 증가할수록 동작 전압이 높아지면서 방전 개시와 동시에 수축 방전으로 전이되는 형태를 보이며, 효율 또한 감소함을 보였다. 이것은 무 수은 면광원에서는 높은 He의 이차전자 방출 계수보다 He의 높은 이온화 에너지가 더 크게 작용하기 때문이라 생각된다. 그림 3은 Ne-Xe 가스를 기본으로 하여 Ar 첨가에 따른 특성을 보여준다. He과는 다르게 Ar 첨가량이 증가할수록 동작 전압 마진이 넓어진다. 그러나 동작 전압이 상승하고, 효율 역시 감소하는 단점이 있다. 이것은 Ar은 Ne에 비해 이온화 에너지가 낮지만 Ar-Xe 조합은 Penning 효과를 얻을 수 있는 혼합 가스가 아니며, Ar의 2차전자 방출 계수 역시 Ne에 비해 낮기 때문에 결과적으로 방전 전압은 상승하고 효율이 감소하는 결과를 보여준다. 그러므로 무 수은 면광원에서 낮은 구동 전압과 높은 휘도 효율을 얻기 위해서는 Ne-Xe 가스조건이 가장 적합한 가스 조건이다. 효율 개선을 위해서는 Ne-Xe 가스 조건에서 압력을 높이거나 높은 Xe 함량의 가스 조성비를 사용하여 자외선 발광원인 Xe 가스량을 높이는 방법이 가장 유리하다. 그림 4는 Ne-Xe 가스 조건에서 Xe 가스량을 높이면 효율이 증가하는 경향성을 보여준다. 가스 최적화 연구와 더불어 형광체 최적화 연구[5]를 통해서 Ne-Xe25% 100Torr 가스 조건에서 그림 5와 같은 19,000nit의 높은 휘도와 75lm/W의 고 효율 특성을 얻을 수 있었다.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.153-165
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• 2022

This study is about the Novel Engineering(NE) education program : a class model that combines reading and engineering. By including the process of directly designing and programming a virtual reality using CospacesEdu (a VR authoring tool for the NE class), the effects of the educational program on learners' STEAM literacy and Learning immersion are demonstrated. Moreover, the subject of this education is Dokdo in South Korea. As a result, the average of STEAM literacy is increased, and a significant change is confirmed statistically in Convergence. Learning immersion shows significant improvement in Challenges-skills balance. On the other hand, some students experience difficulties due to the long research stages, from reading a book to researching for information to designing VR and rewriting a story with the collected information. In conclusion, this study will help generalise other education using NE, and this developed program will be a reference that would suggest a new way of teaching.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.108-118
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to determine the net energy (NE) value of 6 wheat bran and 1 wheat shorts by indirect calorimetry and establish the NE prediction equations of wheat bran fed to growing barrows. Methods: Forty-eight growing barrows (28.5±2.4 kg body weight) were allotted in a completely randomized design to 8 dietary treatments that included a corn-soybean meal basal diet, 6 wheat bran diets and 1 wheat shorts diet. The inclusion level of wheat bran or wheat shorts in diets is 30%. Results: The addition of wheat bran reduced the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients (p<0.05). The ATTD of gross energy, crude protein (CP) and dry matter (DM) in the wheat shorts were greater than that in the wheat bran. Addition of wheat bran or wheat shorts had no effect on total heat production and fasting heat production. The NE of wheat bran was negatively correlated with neutral detergent fiber (r = -0.84; p<0.05) and acid detergent fiber (r = -0.83; p<0.05), while it was positively correlated with CP (r = 0.92; p<0.01). The NE values of wheat bran ranged from 6.79 to 8.15 MJ/kg DM, and the NE value of wheat shorts was 12.47 MJ/kg DM. The ratio of NE to metabolizable energy for wheat bran fed to growing pigs was from 66.0% to 71.7%, whereas the value for wheat shorts was 83.7%. Conclusion: The NE values of wheat bran ranged from 6.79 to 8.15 MJ/kg DM, and the NE value of wheat shorts was 12.47 MJ/kg DM. The NE value of wheat bran can be well predicted based on energy content and proximate analysis.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.367-372
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• 1992

In order to measure the energy spectrum of a radioactive neutron source, the pulse shape discrimination (PSD) system with organic scintillator, NE-213, was characterized by using some of the gamma ray sources and neutron source, Am-Be. The figure of merit of the rise time spectrum of AmBe source measured by this system was about 1.13. This value agrees well with the value of 1.3 which is measured for monoenergetic source, $^{12}C(d,\;n)^{13}N$. The results of present experiment for performance test of NE213-PSD system will provide the useful technique to measure the spectrum of neutron-gamma mixed field and to establish the neutron energy spectrum and flux density standards.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.07b
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• pp.1218-1220
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• 2005

We have developed laser absorption spectroscopy system for the measurement of excited Xe atoms in micro-discharged AC-PDP plasma. In this study, we have measured the absorption signals for the $1S_5$ xenon metastable state in the PDP cell with the various gas mixtures of Ne-Xe(1%), Ne-Xe(4%) and Ne-Xe(10%) under fixed gas pressure of 350 Torr and the eletrode gap distance of 50um. It is found that the maximum excited xenon densities are $1.2^{\ast}10^{12}\;cm^{-3}$, $1.8^{\ast}10^{12}\;cm^{-3}$ and $2.7^{\ast}10^{12}cm^{-3}$ for gas mixtures of Ne-Xe(1%), Ne-Xe(4%) and Ne-Xe(10%) respectively, in this experiment.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.86-92
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• 2004

In order to determine the effect of intravenous He-Ne laser irradiation, values of serum total cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were measured. Twenty three patients with hyperlipidemia who visited Gunpo Oriental Medical Center of Wonkwang University were treated with He-Ne laser irridiation and analyzed by Paired T-test of SPSS program. The following results were obtained : The serum Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of patients treated with He-Ne laser irradiation showed a significant(P<0.05) decrease, and the serum Triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol of patients treated with He-Ne laser irradiation showed no significant(P<0.05) effects.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.91-95
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• 2006

In whole world consciousness of environment maintenance have increased very quickly for the end of the 20th century. To use and disuse toxic substances have been controled at the field of industry. Also the field of lighting source belong to environmental control. And in the future the control will be strong. In radiational mechanism of fluorescence lamp mechanism is the worst environmental problem. In radiational mechanism of fluorescence lamp mercury is the worst environmental problem root. In the mercury free lighting source system the Xe gas lamp is one type. And the Ne:Xe mixing gas lamp improvements firing voltage of Xe gas lamp. Purpose and subject of this study are understand, efficiency, ideal of Ne:Xe plasma which mercury free lamp. Before ICP was designed, basic parameters of plasma, which are electron temperature and electron density, were measured and calculated by Langmuir probe data. Property of electron temperature and electron density were confirmed by changing ratio of Ne:Xe.