• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.454-460
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• 2009

Phyllanthus urinaria was an important species in Korea and distributed in all around of Korea. The roots and stems of this plant have been used for natural medicine for the treatment of diabetes, the hepatitis B virus and disturbances of the kidney and urinary bladder. Production of adventitious roots in P. urinaria by in vitro cultures could be used as alternatives materials. Shoot and root segments from P. urinaria seedling were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L IBA and 30 g/L sucrose. After 4 weeks of culture, the highest induction of adventitious roots was obtained from the shoot part. Frequency of adventitious root formation on medium with various kinds of auxins (IAA, NAA, 2,4-D, and IBA) and various concentrations of IBA (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg/L) was tested. The maximun induction of adventitious root was obtained on medium with 0.5 mg/L IBA. In liquid culture, growth of root was best on medium supplemented with 30 g/L sucrose. Adventitious roots were cultured in 5 L bioreactor containing 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L IBA and 30 g/L sucrose and mass-production of adventitious roots was successfully achieved. These results revealed the first attempt for the production of adventitious roots in P. urinaria.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.431-437
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• 2016

Macrophages play a pivotal role in the innate and adaptive immune systems. This study investigated the immuno-modulatory activities of polysaccharides separated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZPS) in macrophages. Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum were extracted by the ethanol precipitation method. RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line was treated with CZPS (4 to $128{\mu}g/mL$), and there was no cytotoxicity at a dose below $32{\mu}g/mL$. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-$1{\beta}$) production in the CZPS treated group ($32{\mu}g/mL$) were $6.5{\pm}0.12{\mu}m$ (NO), $1252.8{\pm}79.85$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), $305.4{\pm}29.41$ (IL-6), and $683.3{\pm}59.71$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), respectively, and they were significantly increased when compared to the control group; $2.2{\pm}0.03{\mu}m$ (NO), $452.3{\pm}38.34$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), $31.7{\pm}5.75$ (IL-6), and $184.1{\pm}11.52$ (IL-$1{\beta}$). Additionally, protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-${\kappa}B$ expression were significantly increased upon CZPS treatment. Therefore, these results indicated that polysaccharides separated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZPS) may have a potential immunomodulatory activity in macrophages through MAPKs and NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling, and this information is useful for the development of immune enhancing adjuvant materials using a natural ingredient.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 1995

Theses studies were conducted to clarify the germinating characteristics of seed treated with different temperature, light, and ($Gibberellin(GA_3)$) to produce the homogeneous seedlings Angelicogigas NAKAI. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Rate and speed of germinating at $25^{\circ}C$ were higher than $15^{\circ}C$and $20^{\circ}C$ by 87.3% and 68.9% and also the required day for germination at 25°C was shortest by 14.1 days. Germination rate at the light condition was 90.7% and that at the dark was 65.7%. Germinating ability of seed stored at $4^{\circ}C$and $-10^{\circ}C$ for 165 days as dried states was 92.0% and 91.3%, while that at room temperature was 50.3%, but the longer storage of seed than 165 days decreased the ability. Gibberellin treatment by 10ppm to seed stored at $4^{\circ}C$ and by 6ppm to seed stored at $-10^{\circ}C$ increased the germination rate more by 20.9% and 31.7% than nontreated seed.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2005

One of the endoglucanases, F-I-III, was purified from the culture filtrate of T. sp. C-4 through procedures including chromatography on Sephacryl S-200, DEAE-Sepharose A-50, and Chromatofocusing on Mono-P (FPLC). The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be about 56,000 Da by SDS-PAGE, and pI of 4.9 by analytical isoelectric focusing. F-I-III showed the highest enzyme activity at $55^{\circ}C$, and the pH optimum of the enzyme was 5.0. There was no loss of activity when the enzyme was incubated at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The specific activity of the enzyme F-I-III toward the CMC was 315.4 U/mg. The Km value for $PNPG_2$ of F-I-III was 2.69 mM. N-terminal sequence of F-I-III was analyzed to be QPGTSTPEVHPKKLTTYK. It showed $95\%$ of homology to that of EGI from T. reesei. The presence of some metal ions (1 mM) had only a little effect on CMCase activity. The treatment of the reducing agents resulted in the increase of endoglucanase activity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.1 s.69
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• pp.237-248
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• 2007

Objectives : Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Etiological studies of diabetes and its complications showed that oxidative stress might play a major role. Therefore, many efforts have been tried to regulate free oxygen radicals for treating diabetes and its complications. Iksujisundan has been known to be effective for the treatment of diabetes. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of Iksujisundan on renal function, peroxynitrite(ONOO-) scavenging activity and polyol pathway in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods : The crushed Iksujisundan was extracted 3 times, each time with 3 volumes of methyl alcohol at 60$^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. The extract was filtered and evaporated under a reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to yield 87.8g. Iksujisundan extract was orally administreted at 100 mg per 1 kg of body weight for 20 days to the diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin(60mg/kg). The effects of Iksujisundan extract on the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were observed by measuring the serum level of glucose, insulin, lipid components, creatinine and BUN, and also the kidney levels of superoxide anion radical(${\cdot}$O2-), nitric oxide(NO) and ONOO-, and also the enzyme activities involved in the polyol pathway. Results : The effects of Iksujisundan on the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with regards to body weight, blood glucose and indulin levels, creatinine and BUN levels, total cholesterol and triglyceride lavels, and HDL-cholesterol levels were all shown to be good enough to prevent and cure the diabetes and its complications. Iksujisundan inhibited the generation of ${\cdot}$O2-,NO and ONOO- in the kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Renal aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were increased in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were reversed toward natural activities. Conclusions : Iksujisundan might inhibit the development of diabetes and its complications by scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, thereby by reducing oxidative stresses and also by regulating the activities of polyol pathway enzymes, all of which could help to recover kidney function.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 1987

Aspergillus sp. (MK-24) producing a biological active substance that inhibited the venom proteinase activity was isolated from soil. The substance also inhibited the activity of trypsin and coagulation of blood, but did not inhibit papain, $\alpha$-chymotrypsin and pepsin. The substance was partially purified from culture filtrate by precipitaion with acetone, and by chromatography of DEAE-Sepadex A-50 column and Amberlite IRC-50 ion exchange. The inhibitory substance was stable in the wide pH range from 2.0 to 12.0 at 37$^{\circ}C$, but not stable at $65^{\circ}C$ in the alkaline pH. Only 12% of the activity was decreased by the heat treatment at 10$0^{\circ}C$ for two hours. The inhibition on venom proteinase (Agkistrodon bromohoffi brevicaudus) was a mixed type. The inhibitory activity depended on the preincubation time and completely depressed by cupric, zinc and cobalt ions. The inhibition on the venom proteinase was appeared strongly on casein but not on ovalbumin or hemoglobin as a substrate.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.308-314
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics and concentrations of ammonia produced from the livestock swine nightsoil treated with or without the livestock - environment improving agents. Odor generating device made of acryl was made by volume of 96 L to sample the ammonia odor. When swine night soil was placed in the device, concentration of ammonia averaged out at about 23.4 ppmv and ranged from 16 ppmv to 40 ppmv. Removal efficiencies of them showed 50% to 90% as compared to initial level before spraying, when the spray type agents were used immediately after they purchased. The persistence of the efficiency was retained for first two days. Among the agents, the natural deodorant showed the best efficiency of 87 to 99%. To evaluate the effects of 5 kinds of dietary probiotic powders, the experiments were conducted and based dietary treatments without antibiotics on growing piglets. In experiments, 60 piglets ($6.3{\pm}0.2\;kg$) were subjected to a 35-day feeding trial in which the effects of the dietary probiotic powder on the ammonia emission were compared. The ammonia gas emission was measured for every week. Ammonia emission from the swine nightsoil obtained from piglets supplemented with the probiotics power was lower than that of the nightsoil obtained from pigs in the control treatment (without probiotics). In ammonia removal efficiencies of the experimental groups, some products showed from 71% to 99% removal efficiencies throughout the entire period as compared to the control group. On the other hand, initial reduction of ammonia in some product was effective temporarily. After then, it did not show any reduction efficiency of ammonia.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2011

The Echinacea, which has been commonly known as a species of composite herb of dicotyledonous plant, has been used in native American traditional medicine for the treatment of diseases like colds or other infections in North America. We artificially cultured the adventitious roots of Echinacea angustifolia using the bioreactor culture system from Echinacea angustifolia and evaluated the efficacy as a cosmetic ingredient for skin care. Several studies previously have reported neogenesis, wound healing and inflammatory inhibition effect of Echinacea angustifolia but other efficacies were not well known. In the present study, we investigated the cosmetic efficacy to know applicable value of adventitious roots cultured from Echinacea angustifolia as a cosmetic ingredient. The adventitious roots extract of Echinacea angustifolia has superior anti-oxidant effect and matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibitory effect, compared to natural Echinacea angustifolia. These results indicate that the adventitious roots extract cultured from Echinacea angustifolia presents a new possibility of being applicable to skin care and anti-wrinkle products as a cosmetic ingredient.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.518-526
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• 2005

Hwanggumgung (HGG) is a hair-care product which is composed of several plant extracts used in oriental medicine. This study was carried out to investigate effect of HGG on hair regrowth in a shaving model of C57BL6 mice. Five-week-old mice were acclimated for 1 week under 23$\pm$3$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm10\%$ relative humidity and 12 h of a light/dark cycle before beginning experiment. There were four experimental groups including distilled water (D.W., control), 10$\%$ ethanol (EtOH, vehicle control), a positive control of 3$\%$ minoxidil (MXD), and HGG for female and male mice, respectively; Six-weeks old mice were trimmed by electric clippers so as not to damage the skin. The next day; mice without visible scraches were selected, randomized and separated in groups of 11 mice. The test compounds were topically treated with 0.15ml per mouse per day for 21 days. The hair regrowth was photographically and histologically determined during the experimental period of 21 days. Enzyme activities of $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase were also determined using a rate assay method. There were no clinical signs in all experimental groups. The topical application of 3$\%$ MXD and HGG in female mice promoted hair regrowth earlier and faster than the control groups. In male mice, the topical application of 3$\%$ MXD and HGG also accelerated hair growth compared with the controls. Ten percent ethanol also promoted hair growth faster than D.W group. The histology of hair growth in experimental groups was strongly associated with the hair regrowth. 3$\%$ MXD and HGG promoted elongation of hair follicles compared with the controls in both female and male mice. Activities of alkaline phosphatase and $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase, enzymes related to hair growth, significantly increased after treatments of 3$\%$ MXD and HGG for 2 weeks in both female and male mice (p < 0.05). These results suggest that HGG has hair growth promoting activities and it can be for treatment for alopecia.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.72-85
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• 1992

The analysis of visitor's behavior in Hallasan National Park was executed for a month in september, 1990. In the characteristics of trip purpose, the nature-oriented motive was 68.9% of the total. And in the characteristics of the accompanied, the ratio of such items as company, friends,2-3 persons and above 12 persons was generally high. The ratio of lunch box was 62.7％ and the item of bring back waste treatment was 69.6% in the characteristic of activity. The degree of landscape satisfaction was 3.98 and comparatively high on considering the maximum degree of 5.0, but in the degree of facility, the degree of dissatisfaction was high. Therefore the degree of total satisfaction was 3.43. In the opinion of users, the entrance by order of arrival, the adoption of reserved system and the limitation of the entrance of a group were gen- orally objected but the adoptation of nature rest-rotation system was comparatively assented Specially, visitor center was rarely used but many visitor who has attended there positively think about it. In factor analysis, 4 factors were extracted. Facilitate, social. user behavior and natural property were the most affecting factor to psychological satisfaction test. Multiple regression results showed that cleanness, land-scape, safety, no. of wastebasket and crowdness items affected the total satisfaction variable in total and local area.