• Clean Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.302-310
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• 2019

A constructed wetland with the aerobic tank and anaerobic/anoxic tank connected in series was employed in order to treat highly polluted stream water. The aerobic tank was maintained aerobic with a continuous supply of air through the natural air draft system. Five pilot plants having different residence times were employed together to obtain parameters for the best performances of the wetland. BOD and COD removals at the aerobic tank followed the first order kinetics. COD removal rate constants were slightly lower than BOD. The temperature dependence of COD (θ = 1.0079) and BOD (θ = 1.0083) was almost the same, but the temperature dependence (θ_N) of T-N removal was 1.0189. The SS removal rate was as high as 98% and the removal efficiency showed a tendency to increase with increasing hydraulic loading rate (Q/A). The main mechanism of BOD and COD removal at the anaerobic/anoxic tank was entirely different from that of the aerobic tank. BOD and COD were supplied as the carbon source for biological denitrification. T-P was believed to be removed though the cation exchange between orthophosphate and gravels within the anaerobic and anoxic tanks. The wetland could successfully be operated without being blocked by the filtered solid which subsequently decomposed at an extremely fast rate.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.150-158
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• 1967

When anthracite burns by natural draft the mole percent of carbon monoxide (CO%) contained in exhaust gas is approximately expressed as follows in the early stage of combustion. (CO%)=$\frac{2{\alpha}}{1+{\alpha}}(CO_2%)$ exp $[-\vec{k}(No_2-Nc)^{1/2}{\tau}]$ where ${\alpha}=\frac{-0.395K_p+\sqrt{0.156K^2_p+(0.83+0.21K_p)K_p}}{0.83+0.21K_p}$ and $logK_p =-\frac{8593}{T} + 2.45logT -1.08{\times}10^{-3}T + 1.12{\times}10^{-7}T^2+2.77\vec{k},\;No_2$ and $N_c$ are the rate constant for the reaction ($CO+\frac{1}{2}O_2{\to}CO_2$), mole fraction of oxygen and oxides of carbon contained in the exhaust gas, respectively. From experimental evidence obtained in this work with natural draft combustion of briquettes the percent of carbon monoxide to the total quantity of oxides of carbon produced and rate of air flow into the furnace were: 1.76% and 0.53 l/sec (When lid is used in the furnace) 12.35% and 2.4 l/sec (without use of a lid). is the rate constant for the reaction($CO+\frac{1}{2}O_2{\to}CO_2$) and $N_0,\;and\;N_c$ are respectively the molefraction of oxygen and oxide of carbon contained in the exhaust gas.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.428-439
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• 2020

Erwinia pyrifoliae is a Gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen that causes black shoot blight in apple and pear. Although earlier studies reported the genome comparison of Erwinia species, E. pyrifoliae strains for such analysis were isolated in 1996. In 2014, the strain E. pyrifoliae EpK1/15 was newly isolated in the apple tree showing black shoot blight in South Korea. This study aimed to better understand the similarities and differences caused by natural variations at the genomic level between newly isolated E. pyrifoliae EpK1/15 and the strain Ep1/96, which were isolated almost 20 years apart. Several comparative genomic analyses were conducted, and Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG) database was used to classify functional annotation for each strain. E. pyrifoliae EpK1/15 had similarities with the Ep1/96 strain in stress-related genes, Tn3 transposase of insertion sequences, type III secretion systems, and small RNAs. The most remarkable difference to emerge from this comparison was that although the draft genome of E. pyrifoliae EpK1/15 was almost conserved, Epk1/15 strain had at least three sorts of structural variations in functional annotation according to COG database; chromosome inversion, translocation, and duplication. These results indicate that E. pyrifoliae species has gone natural variations within almost 20 years at the genomic level, and we can trace their similarities and differences with comparative genomic analysis.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 2004

Hypertension is prevalent among older adults, and nutrition is important for hypertension management. However, there are few nutrition education materials developed for older adults. The purpose of this study was to develop a booklet for prevention and management of hypertension for older adults. Based on lesson plans, topics for the booklet included introduction to hypertension, hypertension prevention through weight management, nutritional management of hypertension, and lifestyle modifications. After several revisions of the draft were made, illustrations and icons appropriate to the text were designed by a graphic designer using Illustrator 9.0 and Photoshop 6.0. The booklet consisted of four chapters and 40 pages. The first chapter dealt with information on hypertension, risk factors, complications and dietary guidelines. These were mainly explained by illustrations and characters of older adults. The second chapter included assessment of obesity, reducing fat intake and behavioral change strategies. The third chapter focused on practical tips for reducing salt, eating more fiber and calcium, and sample menus. The fourth chapter presented information for quitting smoking and drinking, and stress management. Finally, games, meal planning and quizes, were presented as reinforcement. Based on pilot testing with 10 adults aged 50 and older, minor changes were made in wording, expressions and information. This booklet is characterized by using simple and specific messages, providing tips for dietary and lifestyle changes, and using illustrations and characters of older adults to increase understanding. The revised booklet is self-explanatory and can be used by older adults or in nutrition education for older adults.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.48
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• pp.259-285
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• 2016

As the need for anti-terrorism legislation has been continuously argued, Anti-terrorism act has been enacted and enforced. On the other hand, there still remain a lot of points to be discussed regarding the definition of the concept of terrorism, matters of human rights violations, strengthening authority of the investigation and intelligence agencies, and mobilization military forces for the suppression of terrorism. Also, reviewing Anti-terrorism act and its enforcement ordinance draft, this legislation seems to regulate terrorist groups like IS. If so, in the case of terrorism of North Korea or domestic anti-government organizations, whether this law would be applied could become an issue. In the case of terrorism of North Korea, Ministry of National Defense has a right of commandership in the military operations, however, it is also possible to apply the article 4 of Natural Security Act a crime of performing objective-or a crime of foreign exchange on Criminal law as legal grounds for not military terrorisms but general investigations. Therefore, it is necessary to involve consideration about this matter. Furthermore, in the view of investigation, Anti-terrorism act and its enforcement ordinance draft do not mention Supreme Prosecutors Office and Ministry of Justice that conduct investigations. In the case of terrorism, the police and prosecution should conduct to arrest criminals and determine crimes at the investigation stage, however, any explicit article related to this content in Anti-terrorism act and its enforcement ordinance draft was unable to be found. Although Anti-terrorism act is certainly toward preventive aspects, considering some matters such as prevention, actions on the scene, maneuver after terrorism, arresting terrorists, investigation direction, cooperation, and mutual assistance, it is necessary to reflect these contents in Anti-terrorism act. In other words, immediately after terrorists attacks, it is possible to mobilize the military operations by Integrated Defense act in order to arrest them in the case of military terrorism. Nevertheless, because both military terrorism and general one are included in the investigation stage, it needs to begin an investigation under the direction of the prosecution. Therefore, above all, a device for finding out the truth behind the case at the investigation stage is not reflected in the current Anti-terrorism act and its enforcement ordinance draft. Accordingly, if National Intelligence Service approaches information at the prevention level in this situation, it may be necessary to come up with follow-up measures of the police, the prosecution, and military units.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.99-109
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• 2015

The Ecosystem and Nature Map (ENM) is basic map for current status of natural resources. The map has been offered information to ecological conservation and restoration, as well as to land use planning and policy making. The map composed of 794 sheets in 1:25,000 scale classifies total areas into three grade zones (1st, 2nd and 3rd grade zones) and separately managed zone. In 2005, the first draft Ecosystem and Nature Map was prepared by the second National Ecosystem Survey. It was opened for the people to search and appeal. So 1,419 cases of public appeals on the first draft Ecosystem and Nature Map were submitted in 2005. After partial revision, the first Ecosystem and Nature Map was announced in 2007. The second draft Ecosystem and Nature Map was prepared by the third National Ecosystem Survey and opened to public in 2012. As a result, 1,263 cases of public appeals were submitted in 2012. Since the first announcement of the Ecosystem and Nature Map in April 2007, 182 cases of public appeals on the Map were submitted until December 2013. Among them, 159 cases were announced with revision. According to the first Ecosystem and Nature Map announced in 2007, graded areas covered 7.5% in the 1st grade zone, 39.2% in the 2nd grade zone and 44.7% in the 3rd grade zone of the national land area, respectively. In the second draft Ecosystem and Nature Map in 2012, areas of the 1st grade zone and the 2nd grade zone were 9.2% increased 1.7 percentage points and 45.5% increased 6.3 percentage points, and areas of the 3rd grade zone were 36.6% decreased 8.1 percentage points. Among areas of the 1st grade zone, Gangwondo occupies 54.3% in 2007 and 47.6% in 2012. Gangwondo consists of the highest percentage of the 1st grade zone and the smallest of the 3rd grade zone. Seoul has the highest percentage of the 3rd grade zone. There were the highest increase of the 1st grade zone in Gyeongsangbukdo and the highest decrease in Jeollabukdo and Seoul. Vegetation is the most important evaluation factor to determine the grade of the Ecosystem and Nature Map.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.15-20
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• 2011

This study aimed at validating the adopted numerical methods to solve two-phase flow around a two-dimensional (2D) rectangular floating structure in regular waves. A structure with a draft equal to one half of its height was hinged at the center of gravity and free to roll with waves that had the same period as the natural roll period of a rectangular barge. In order to simulate the 2D incompressible viscous two-phase flow in a wave tank with the rectangular barge, the present study used the volume of fluid (VOF) method based on the finite volume method with a standard turbulence model. In addition, the sliding mesh technique was used to handle the motion of the rectangular barge induced by the fluid-structure interaction. Consequently, the present results for the flow field and roll motion of the structure had good agreement with those of the relevant previous experiment.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.1686-1691
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• 2004

The effect of recirculated exhaust gas on performance and exhaust emissions with FGR rate are investigated by using a natural circulation, pressurized draft and water tube boiler with FGR system operating at several boiler loads and over fire air(OFA) damper openings. The purpose of this study is to apply the FGR system to a power plant boiler for reducing $NO_{x}$ emissions. To activate the combustion, the suction damper of two stage combustion system installed in the upper side of wind box is opened by handling the lever between $0^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ , and the OFA with 0 to 20% into the flame is supplied, as the combustion air supplied to burner is reduced. It is found that the fuel consumption rate divided by evaporation rate does not show an obvious tendency to increase or decrease with rising the FOR rate, and $NO_{x}$ emissions are decreased, at the same OF A damper opening, as FOR rates are elevated and boiler loads are dropped.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2003

Recently, buildings with transparent glazing on exterior walls have increased. The transparent glazing on exterior walls gives an impression of opening through introducing external environment's elements to inside of the building, and has various merits and so on, but has defects in controling indoor environments. Especially, the excess of solar radiation in summer increases cooling load causing discomforts to occupants providing radiant environment with high temperature. Cooling load mainly depends on electricity comparing to heating load and intents to centralize specific time. So it is necessary to work out a countermeasure. In this study, showed P building with transparent glazing on exterior walls as a case, investigated indoor thermal performance, numerical analysis of P building in summer through comparing dry-sauna which is represented as radiant environment with high temperature. In the results of this study, transparent glazing space has radiant environment with high temperature such as dry-sauna because of the excess of solar radiation. Accordingly countermeasures are considered in building planning. As concrete methods, there are adiabatic effects using double glazing, use of sunscreen, blind, ventilation facilitation using natural draft, decrease of surface temperature through evaporation cooling and cooling coils.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.12-19
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the draft data for the habitat environment and massive propagation method of Miscanthus changii, which is classified as rare species. The in-site analysis of the native soil give a indication of pH 5.24~5.48, electric conductivity (EC)0.03~0.02 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, organic matter (OM) 1.13~1.15%, Ca 3.4 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, K 0.25 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, Mg 0.53 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, N 0.23%, P 2.15 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ showed low and 0.33~9.12 $cmol{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ CEC. Growth and tiller number in rhizome propagation of Miscanthus changii showed that horticulture media (perlite 1+vermiculate 1+peat moss 1) is the most suitable soil to habitat. As for seed propagation, germination percentage is 0% (0/20) at first seeding, 2% (1/50) at second seeding and 2.1% (6/280) at third seeding. The average germination percentage was below 2%. This is the reason why Miscanthus changi disappear at habitat of poor soil environment and low germination. We gained 61 plants that 60 rhizome propagation and 1 by seed propagation, renatural to habitat.