• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.21-30
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to suggest customized management methods tailored to the characteristics of each type of park. Related literature was reviewed to determine the types of and management methods for urban parks to discuss the possibility of the involvement of citizens in park management and committing park management to the private sector. As a result of analyzing the literature, it has been found that each park should be managed separately according to its type in light of its characteristics and the strengths and weaknesses of each management method. For this reason, this must be a very important element for preventing damaging behavior at tourist destinations. First, natural mountainous parks are ordinary parks that do not require any professional management knowledge or skills. Accordingly, these parks should be managed by the districts in which they are located. Second, eco-oriented parks ask for specialized management. As domestic cases show, it will be advisable to commit the management of these parks to specialized, highly-experienced private organizations. Third, facilities-centered parks are large in size in response to the diverse needs of citizens, and it seems that a combination of different methods is better than merely sticking to any particular method.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.359-368
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to examine distribution and damages of the trails of inquiry of urban natural parks. Those parks were located at south-north green corridor at Incheon being mountainous type of urban natural parks that were core area of urban ecosystem preservation to of urban natural parks that citizens recently made use of them as nature experience type of leisure and recreation place from time to time, and to supply basic material deciding on the ways to improve the trails of nature preservation type. The survey sites included Geyang Park, Baekma Park, Yaksa Park, Munhak Park and Cheongryang Park. The number of main trails was 42 at Geyang Park, 43 at Baekma Park, 9 at Yaksa Park, 28 at Munhak Park, and 22 at Cheongryang Park, and it was excessively more than optimum needed: The number of branch trails of the parks seemed to increase. The bared trail width in average of the roads was 3.5m, while maximum depth in average was 21.3cm. The trails were thought to be deteriorated rapidly without systematic maintenance. The 5th and 6th grade of the impact rating class that required restoration because of serious deterioration occupied 19.6∼78.0%. Based on the findings, the study suggested ways to improve and manage the trails of inquiry of urban natural parks that were placed at south-north green corridor at Incheon.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.35-50
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• 2023

As urbanization progresses, there is a growing and continuous demand for green spaces that provide ecosystem services. However, increasing the quantity of green spaces within major cities is challenging. Therefore, it is essential to pursue qualitative improvements that consider ecological characteristics of existing green spaces. In this study, we focus on local neighborhood parks in Seoul and present the following two questions through an evaluation utilizing ecological design indicators and land use data: 1. Which factor, design or location, has a greater influence on the ecological quality of neighborhood parks in Seoul? 2. Additionally, when evaluating ecological characteristics, is there similarity between assessments based on land-use data and those utilizing ecological design indicators? For this study, we conducted research on 30 neighborhood parks in Seoul and classified them into mountainous types (adjacent to mountains, natural terrain parks) and urban types (independently designed within 300m without existing forests) based on previous studies. Firstly, we conducted evaluations according to park location types. When comparing the evaluation scores of urban types (14 parks) and mountainous types (16 parks), significant differences were observed with scores of 16.86 and 35.94, respectively. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between park types. In terms of habitat quality, the average values for urban and mountainous parks were 0.33 and 0.53, respectively, and statistically significant differences were observed between park types indicating differences in ecological potential according to park location. Secondly, when comparing the results of ecological potential evaluations based on park design and external connectivity, a correlation was found between habitat quality and total scores according to evaluation indicators. The correlation analysis showed significant linear relationships between habitat quality and total scores, biodiversity scores, and ecosystem function scores, with high positive correlation coefficients of 0.829, 0.861, and 0.802, respectively. This study holds significance in analyzing the ecological aspects of urban parks through the lens of both park location characteristics and design indicators. The analysis results underscore the importance of planning and managing ecologically sound urban parks contingent upon their location. Moreover, the utilization of appropriate ecological design indicators can help alleviate environmental limitations surrounding parks. Integrating these considerations could enhance the ecological quality and ecosystem services of urban green spaces.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.133-144
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• 2020

The national parks of South Korea take up an area of 6,726 ㎢, which accounts for 6.7% of the national land. They are national conservation areas with their area made up of 59.1% of land (3,972.6 ㎢) and 40.9% of seawaters (2,753.7 ㎢). And in 2019, the national parks are classified by type into 17 mountainous, 4 maritime or coastal, and 1 historical site. Here, the maritime or coastal nation parks are lately spotlighted as landmarks in maritime tourism. However, the area of the maritime or coastal national parks is continuously dwindling due to conflicts between the residents in the parks and Korea national park service, the continued pressure with respect to the regional tourism development and private investments, and the abolition of parks in relation to allegedly breached private properties. This study identifies the issues with the operation and management of national parks as caused by the abolition of parks and the reduction of areas, and goes from there to do research with the aim of suggesting an institutionalized improvement plan with a view to more useful operation and management of the maritime or coastal national parks. As a result, the natural resources in the sea and on land should be surveyed again to establish the standard for use-specific zoning and reorganize the park areas in adjusting the national park areas. Second, the use-specific districts need to be reviewed for their reorganization that meets the designation requirements by focusing on the characteristics of the different national parks with a view to ensuring reasonable natural conservation in the maritime or coastal national parks. Third, various support facilities for residents such as public path, lodgings, and rentals need to be created to reduce the conflicts between Korea national park service and those who live in the parks.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.151-165
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• 1995

1. This paper suggests one educational model of National Parks. The model includes main themes such as (1) concepts, (2) waste types, and (3) conservation policies of National Parks for the application at the school environmental education classes. 2. The study describes the origin of the national park system and concepts or policies for the conservation of the parks with cases of Japan, Taiwan, Canada, Australia, Swiss, Russia, and International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources(IUCN). The main focuses of their concepts or policies are on the (1) public land, (2) conserved, (3) legally protected land, and (4) land for the education of the loving their country. 3. This research classifies wastes of parks as point, linear, areal, and cubic types, and explains wasting actions on each types, focused mainly on the mountainous national parks. 4. The suggested policies for the conserving national parks, in this paper, are (1) core-zoning policy, and (2) management policy within the core zone. 5. Some principles are suggested for the more effective realization of the policies: (1) enforcement, (2) abandonment,(3) restoration, (4) enlargement, (5) limitation, (6) incorporation, (7) monitoring, and (8) education. 6. Finally, the educational values of this model may be derived from concepts of (1) loving national land, (2) conservation of nature, (3) public responsibility for protection, and (4) education materials. Those concepts form the foundation of models for (1) civic education, (2) education of country, and (3) inquiry training.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.48-56
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to develop quantitative criteria for setting reasonable standards and regulations for building heights in collective facility districts inside national parks or those connected to their borders. Heights of all building sin collective facility districts were simulated in order to determine heights of ridge lines of sight passing the upper parts of buildings from a main view point. Where a facility's zone is located at the inside or boundary of inland mountainous national parks, and there are coastal type national parks with mountains in the background, the study recommended assigning the maximum allowable height of a building as 8.82m if national park authorities intend to preserve the ridges at three-tenths the height of a mountain. It amounts to 3 or 3.5 stories when it is converted into the number of floors. It is desirable to apply this standard to accommodations like a hotel except lodge or cottage as the maximum allowable height of a building. Nevertheless, when there aren't back mountainous areas among coastal-type national parks, there is a need for applying a separate standard. If an equal and uniform standard is applied to all collective facility districts, it becomes difficult to address local differences when managing landscape. There must be flexibility when applying a standard, depending on variables such as location of view points, differences in the methods of selection of view points, and differences in view angles, etc. Thus, there is a need for different landscape management strategies that address the unique natural environment of different zones.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2022

COVID-19 led to an increased need for mountainous urban parks in the city that can be enjoyed while moving rather than staying put. However, studies on the economic value of mountainous urban parks have been insufficient. As a result, this study investigates the economic value of Gyeyangsan, a mountainous urban park located in the city, by quantifying the value of natural resources provided to residents and analyzing the factors affecting these values. The results are summarized below. First, according to the economic value assessment of Gyeyangsan, the use value was 2,210 won per person or 4.42 billion won per year, and the preservation value was 6,182 won per household, or 129.37 billion won. Gyeyangsan's total assets value was assessed as 3.68 trillion won. Second, according to the estimates of the willingness to pay and the determinants for the use-value, the frequency of visits, age, and use satisfaction significantly impacted the intention to pay for the use-value. Third, according to the estimates of the willingness to pay and the determinants for the preservation value, the intention to revisit, volunteer participation, educational level, gender, and residence significantly influenced the intention to pay for the preservation value. According to the findings of this study, it will be possible to make crucial policy implications when setting a direction for future park management by presenting a practical policy plan for the maintenance of mountain parks in downtown areas and will broaden the scope of research.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1989

^x As mentioned above, I consider the change of role that is related with Japanese thought of Natural Environmental Conservation, and I divide each part of periods into forest, farmland, open space, urban planning, environmental conservation etc. To summary the content of each period of Natural Environmental Conservation thought is as follows. 1) Previous period before formation(before 1919) In the previous period of Meiji, it could be said that the consciousness of the Natural Environmental Conservation was coming to existence. In this, so called, Natural Environmental Conservation, the thought of Forest Preservation was the main current and it was the thought of territorial integrity for the security of resource, the forestry conservancy and flood control in the forestry farmland. Since the age of Meiji, the theory of Natural Conservation appears from the theory of Japanese landscaping and systematic management about public parks was enforced, but the regular theory of Natural Environmental Conservation did not attain full growth. 2) The period of formation(1919~ 1954) In the period of formation, the base of Natural Environmental Conservation had been established. Parks and Open spaces were admitted as a public facilities in each city, and legislations which supported it had been continuously enacted and so on. In this period, the afforestation counter plan was emphasized on the side of territorial integrity. In the mountainous district. tree planting was emphasized to recover the forest which had been destroied by war. 3) The period of development(1955~ 1974) In the period of development, varied policies was institutionalized for the Natural Environmental Conservation. However, all sorts of development policy had performed simultaneously, thus development had complicated relation with preservation. But after 1970's the framework of system of Natural Environmental Conservation improvement was constituted to control the many kinds of development, and the spontaneous campaign of nature preservation by private lead was being taken root. This is the more progressive period. 4) The pried of root(after 1975) After the latter of 1970's, the role of Natural Environmental Conservation began to take root not in the direction of control but inducement, and, getting out of development - oriented policy, aimed at relation between human being and natural environment and the side of amenity of human environment. Besides, the current of Natural Environmental Conservation had been seperately progressed in the cities and forests. Since this period, it was the character that cities and forests began to be unified as 'amenity'space of man.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.13-27
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• 2015

This study examined disaster risk from climate change in urban open spaces. This study conducted an assessment depending on type of damage and type of open space, subcategorizing it into flood damage and wind damage, flat park and mountainous park, and classified the assessment items by type into natural factor, artificial factor, and social factor for the purpose of analysis. Our major findings from this study are as follows: To look at the standardized score for the disaster risk from flood damages in the case of a flat park, Asian Park was higher at 55.800 point than Seoul Forest at 51.775 point, and in the case of mountainous parks, Dogok Park was at 58.428 point and Baebongsan Park was at 58.374 point. To look at the standardized score for disaster risk from wind damage, in the case of a flat park, Asian Park was higher at 64.763 point than Seoul Forest at 61.054 point, and in the case of mountainous parks, Baebongsan Park was higher at 58.533 point than Dogok Park at 55.459 point. This study raised a question about the necessity for and value of this disaster risk assessment in open space from damages caused by climate change, established an assessment model for disaster risk from damages in open spaces only to attempt risk assessment. Disaster risk of urban green space was enhanced.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.80-92
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze drainage facilities in mountainous urban neigbborhood parks--Baebongsan Park and Ogeum Park--in Seoul. Based on an analysis of existing drainage facilities, the volume of storm water runoff (VSW), the runoff rate of open channels(ROC), and the detention capacity of open charmels(DCOC) by each drainage watershed, the coefficient of runoff rate(CROC) as evaluated to be relevant between VSW and ROC and the coefficient of the detention capacity of open channe1s(CDCOC) as evaluated with DCOC compared to VSW were estimated and analyzed by parks and by watersheds. The results are as follows: 1. The total drainage area of Baebongsan Park was 34.13ha including surface runoff area(15.05ha; 44.09%), open channel area(l4.60ha; 42.78%), and natural waterway area(4.48ha; 13.13%). The total drainage area of Ogeum Park was 20.39ha including open channel area (10.14ha; 49.73%), ridge-side gutter area(7.17ha; 35.16%), surface runoff area (2.52ha; 12.36%), and natural waterway area (0.56ha; 2.75%). In Baebongsan Park, the portion of surface runoff was comparatively higher while the portion of artificial drainage area was higber in Ogeum Park. 2. In Baebongsan Park drainage districts were largely divided: VSW was $7.28m^3/s$ in total(average $0.23m^3/s$). Comparatively, tbe VSW in Ogeum Park, including smaller drainage districts, was $4.37m^3/s$ in total(average $0.12m^3/s$). 3. The ROC of Baebmgsan Park was $11.58m^3/s$ in total(average $0.77m^3/s$) and the CROC was 5.26, while in Ogeum Park, the ROC was $15.40m^3/s$(average $0.34m^3/s$) and tbe CROC was 8.87 higher than that of Baebongsan Because the size and slope of the open channel in Baebongsan Park was higher, the average ROC was larger, while tbe CROC of Ogeum Park was higher than that of Baebongsan Park, for the VSW in Ogeum Park was comparatively lower. 4. The DCOC in Baebongsan Park was $554.54m^3$ and the average of CDCOC was 179.83. That of Ogeum Park was $717.74m^3$ and the average of the CDCOC was 339.69, meaning that the DCOC of Ogeum Park was so much higber that drainage facilities in Ogeum Park were built intensively. This study was focused m the capacity of the drainage facilities in mountainous urban neighborhood parks by using the CROC to evaluate relevance between VSW and ROC and the CDCOC to evaluate the DCOC as compared with VSW. The devised methodology and coefficient for evaluating drainage facilities in mountainous urban neighborhood parks may he universally applicable through additional study. Further study m sustainable urban drainage systems for retaining rainwater in a reservoir and for enhancing ecological value is required in the near future.