• Toxicological Research
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the acute pulmonary toxicity of metallic silver nanoparticles (MSNPs, 20.30 nm in diameter). Acute pulmonary toxicity and body distribution of inhaled MSNPs in mice were evaluated using a nose-only exposure chamber (NOEC) system. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid analysis, Western blotting, histopathological changes, and silver burdens in various organs were determined in mice. Mice were exposed to MSNPs for 6 hrs. The mean concentration, total surface area, volume and mass concentrations in the NOEC were maintained at $1.93{\times}10^7$ particles/$cm^3$, $1.09{\times}10^{10}\;nm^2/cm^3$, $2.72{\times}10^{11}\;nm^3/cm^3$, and 2854.62 ${\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Inhalation of MSPNs caused mild pulmonary toxicity with distribution of silver in various organs but the silver burdens decreased rapidly at 24-hrs post-exposure in the lung. Furthermore, inhaled MSNPs induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in the lung. In summary, single inhaled MSNPs caused mild pulmonary toxicity, which was associated with activated MAPK signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that the inhalation toxicity of MSNPs should be carefully considered at the molecular level.

• 한국해양생명과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 살균제, 항진균제 등의 의약품을 포함하여 다양한 목적으로 사용되며, 신방오도료로서의 가능성이 확인된 바 있는 Zinc undecylenate (ZU)를 이용해 연안환경 내 1차 소비자를 대표할 수 있는 성게 2종(H. pulcherrimus, M. nudus)에 대한 독성평가를 실시하였다. 실험결과 ZU에 대한 H. pulcherrimus와 M. nudus의 수정률 EC₅₀은, 각각 11.27 mgl^-1과 1.48 mgl^-1로 나타났다. 또한, 정상배아 발생률의 EC₅₀은 각각 0.94 mgl^-1와 3.78 mgl^-1로 나타났으며, NOEC는 0.20 mgl^-1, 0.78 mgl^-1를 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 도출된 성게 2종과 문헌조사를 통한 연안양식생물 2종의 급성독성결과를 이용하여 Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC)를 계산하였다. PNEC 값은 0.0094 mgl^-1로 나타났으며, 위와 같은 결과는 해양환경 오염물질에 대한 환경보호전략 수립을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것이다.

• 환경생물
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.385-391
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• 2018

해산규조류 (Skeletonema. Costatum)의 개체군 성장률을 이용하여 PBDEs (BDE-47, BDE-209)의 독성평가를 실시하였다. BDE-47은 $0.31mgL^{-1}$ 이상의 농도부터 유의미하게 감소하여 농도의존성을 나타냈으나, BDE-209의 경우 시험 최고농도 $125mgL^{-1}$에서도 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 본 시험결과 $EC_{50}$값은 BDE-47과 BDE-209에서 각각 $0.55mgL^{-1}$와 >$125mgL^{-1}$이었고, NOEC값은 $0.16mgL^{-1}$와 >$125mgL^{-1}$이었으며, LOEC값은 $0.31mgL^{-1}$와 >$125mgL^{-1}$으로 나타나 BDE-47이 BDE-209에 유해성이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 연안환경에서의 BDE-47의 농도가 LOEC 값인 $0.31mgL^{-1}$를 초과할 경우 S. costatum과 같은 식물성플랑크톤에 악영향을 미칠 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구 결과는 PBDEs의 해양환경 기준 설정 및 타 독성물질과의 상대적 독성치를 비교하기 위한 귀중한 자료로 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2005

Benthic amphipod, Grandidierella japonica widely inhabits the Korean coastal waters and is developed as a standard test species for sediment toxicity tests. We exposed G. japonica to various pollutants including 4 kinds of inorganic metals (Ag, Cd, Cu and Hg), tributyltin [TBT], ammonia and 7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds (acenaphthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene) to estimate the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and the median lethal concentration (LC50) of each pollutant during the 96-hour acute exposure. Among all tested pollutants, TBT was most toxic to G. japonica, and Rg was most toxic among inorganic metals. The toxicity of pyrene to G. japonica was greatest among PAH compounds, followed by fluoranthene, phenanathrene, acenaphthene, fluorene and naphthalene. The toxicity of PAH compounds was closely related to their physico-chemical characteristics such as $K_ow$ and water solubility. G. japonica responded adequately to pollutant concentrations and exposure durations, and the sensitivity of G. japonica to various inorganic and organic pollutants was generally comparable to other amphipods used as standard test species in ecotoxicological studies, indicating this species can be applied in the assessment of environments polluted by various harmful substances.

• 환경생물
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.468-475
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• 2015

노닐페놀에 물벼룩을 노출하여 급성독성수치를 산출하고 만성독성을 조사하여 생존, 생식능, 성장에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 그 결과, 노닐페놀에 노출된 물벼룩의 급성독성 수치 $EC_{50}$은 용량의존적인 증가를 보였으며, 물벼룩의 일령 증가에 의한 $EC_{50}$의 증가 폭은 크지 않았다. 만성독성시험에 의한 생존률은 최고농도인 $10{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$에서 90%로 관찰되어 대조군과 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 대조군과 비교하여 고농도에서 총 출산한 새끼수, 출산횟수가 감소하며, 첫 출산까지 걸리는 시간이 늘어나는 경향이 관찰되었고 NOEC와 LOEC는 각각 $3.2{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, $5.6{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$로 산출되었다. 또한 체장 측정 결과 대조군에 비해 노닐페놀 노출군에서 농도가 증가할수록 성장이 저해되는 양상이 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과는 노닐페놀이 물벼룩의 생식을 저해시키는 물질로 작용했음을 알 수 있다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1129-1139
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• 2005

A series of experiments was conducted to identify the potential of five phytoplankton species as standard test species for marine ecotoxicological tests. The candidate phytoplankton species are Skeletonema costatum, Heterosigma akashiwo, Prorocentrum micans, Isochrysis galbana, and Tetraselmis suecica. Salinity tolerance and sensitivity on potassium dichromate as a reference material were identified. Toxicity of eleven ocean dumped sewage sludges and four red tide expellent extracts were estimated by the inhibition of population growth rates (PGR) of marine diatom S. costatum, While most species revealed relatively weak tolerance on salinity, T. suecica demonstrated the highest salinity tolerance ranged from $5\~35$ psu and the others $15\~35$ psu. H. akashiwo revealed the highest sensitivity as 72h $IC_{50}$=0.76mg/L and T. suecica the lowest as 72h $IC_{50}$=8.89mg/L on potassium dichromate. Sludge extracts from industrial waste, domestic sewage and livestock farm waste sludge showed high toxicity as 72h $IC_{50}$<$2\%$ and lowest toxicity from filtration bed sludge as 72h $IC_{50}$=$30.50\%$ NOEC (No Observed Effective Concentration) of sludge extract ranged from <$0.4\%$ to $1.6\%$ and this indicated high phytotoxicity of ocean dumped sewage sludge. The test sensitivity of phytoplankton PGR inhibition was much higher than those of marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis mortality test and bioluminescent inhibition test by marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri, and comparable with the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius) fertilization test. As a result the phytotoxicity test using phytoplankton PGR inhibition ($IC_{50}$) must be a useful tool for marine phyto-toxicological evaluation of ocean dumped materials.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제22권2호통권57호
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• pp.157-163
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• 2007

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is the most widely used BFR (brominated flame retardants) as a reactive flame retardant in printed circuit boards, and as additive applications in several types of polymers. The purpose of this study is to assess the adverse effects of TBBPA on the benthic amphipod (Hyalella azteca). Results on the acute toxicity of TBBPA using Hyalella azteca showed that NOEC and LOEC are 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg, respectively. In addition, when chronic toxicity of TBBPA was investigated at the concentration ranges between 0.01 to 100mg/kg, it was found that NOECs are $10mg/kg(fecundity){\sim}100mg/kg(viability)$, respectively. Significant fecundity inhibition was appeared at 100mg/kg of TBBPA, however, this concentration did not show severe adverse effect on weight increment. The values of PNEC were determined as 0.1mg/kg (fecundity) and 1mg/kg (lethal effect), respectively, using a safety factor suggested by EU and OECD.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2010

Toxicity assessment of ocean dumping wastes (dye waste, urban sewage, food waste) were examined in the fertilization and embryo development rates of the Sea Urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Spawning was induced by injecting 1 mL of 0.5 M KCl into coelomic cavity. Males released white or cream-colored sperms and females released yellow or orange-colored eggs. Experiments were began within 30 min the collection of both gametes. The fertilization and embryo development rates test were performed for 10 min and 64 h after fertilization, respectively. The fertilization and embryo development rates in the control condition (not including ocean dumping wastes sludge elutriate) were greater than 90%, but suddenly decreased with increasing of ocean dumping waste sludge elutriate concentrations. The fertilization and normal embryogenesis rates were significantly inhibited in all waste sludge elutriate from dye waste ($EC_{50}$=4.37; $EC_{50}$=1.76), urban sewage ($EC_{50}$=5.79; $EC_{50}$=2.00) and food waste ($EC_{50}$=7.68; $EC_{50}$=2.16), respectively. The NOEC (<3.13) and LOEC (3.13) of fertiliztion and normal embryogenesis rates very similar in all waste sludge elutriate. These results suggest that biological assay using the fertilization and embryo development rates of H. pulcherrimus are very useful test method for the ecological toxicity assessment of ocean dumping wastes.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.37-47
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• 2015

The effects of low salinity (fertilization success and larval survival) on the limpet Cellana grata were studied at early stages of development using the marine bioassay technique. It was shown that, under normal conditions for development from fertilization to the post veliger stage, the salinity must be not less than 20.0~35.0 psu. However, the fertilization rate and larval survival of C. grata was obviously reduced at 5.0 psu and 10.0 psu, respectively. Mass mortality was estimated to occur at <20.0 psu (48-h $EC_{50}=19.54psu$) and the survival rate of normal veliger larvae decreased with experimental time during exposure. No observed effective concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) of post veliger were estimated at 30.0 psu and 25.0 psu, respectively, during 48-h exposure. The tolerance limits of the test species to salinity revealed various concentration ranges of salinity, which may reflect the physiology and ecology of the initial development stages of C. grata. These results demonstrate that reduced salinity is detrimental to the reproductive success and larval survival of C. grata, and if salinity is lowered by natural or anthropogenic sources during spawning, this would lead to decreased reproductive success and larval settlement.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제38권8호
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• pp.1010-1020
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• 2014

Ballast water effluent treated by an electrolytic method contains reactive chlorine species and disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this study, we conducted whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing and ecological risk assessment (ERA) to investigate its ecotoxicological effects on marine environment. WET testing was carried out for three marine pelagic organisms, i.e., diatom Skeletonema costatum, rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and fish Paralichthys olivaceus. The biological toxicity test revealed that S. costatum was the only organism that showed apparent toxicity to the effluent; it showed no observed effect concentration (NOEC), lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) and effect concentration of 50% (EC50) values of 12.5%, 25.0% and 83.3%, respectively, at brackish water condition. In contrast, it showed insignificant toxicity at seawater condition. B. plicatilis and P. olivaceus also showed no toxicities to the effluent at the both salinity conditions. Meanwhile, chemical analysis revealed that the ballast water effluent contained total residual oxidants (TROs) below $0.03{\mu}g/L$ and a total of 20 DBPs including bromate, volatile halogenated organic compounds (VOCs), halogenated acetonitriles (HANs), halogenated acetic acids (HAAs) and chloropicrin. Based on ERA, the 20 DBPs were not considered to have persistency, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) properties. Except monobromoacetic acid, the ratio of predicted environmental concentration (PEC) to predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) of the other 19 DBPs did not exceed 1. Thus, our results of WET testing and ERA indicated that the ballast water effluent treated by electrolysis and subsequently neutralization was considered to have no adverse impacts on marine environment.