• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.138-147
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• 2011

Xylogone ganodermophthora, an ascomycetous fungus, is known to cause yellow rot in the cultivated mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. In this study, we investigated the dissemination of this fungal pathogen in G. lucidum grown in cultivation houses. To determine the role of ascospores produced by X. ganodermophthora in disease development, we constructed a green fluorescent protein-labeled transgenic strain. This X. ganodermophthora strain produced a number of ascomata in the tissues of oak logs on which G. lucidum had been grown and on the mushroom fruit bodies. However, the ascospores released from the ascomata were not able to germinate on water agar or potato dextrose agar. Moreover, less than 0.1% of the ascospores showed green fluorescence, indicating that most ascospores of X. ganodermophthora were not viable. To determine the manner in which X. ganodermophthora disseminates, diseased oak logs were either buried in isolated soil beds as soil-borne inocula or placed around soil beds as air-borne inocula. In addition, culture bottles in which G. lucidum mycelia had been grown were placed on each floor of a five-floor shelf near X. ganodermophthora inocula. One year after cultivation, yellow rot occurred in almost all of the oak logs in the soil beds, including those in beds without soil-borne inocula. In contrast, none of the G. lucidum in the culture bottles was infected, suggesting that dissemination of X. ganodermophthora can occur via the cultivation soil.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 2017

Contamination and growth of Trichoderma, a green mold, on the oak log and wooden chip or sawdust media can severely inhibit the growth of oak mushroom. Chemicals including pesticides and antibiotics are generally not allowed for the control of green mold disease during mushroom cultivation. In this study, bacterial pathogens causing blotch disease on the oyster mushrooms were isolated and their peptide toxins were purified for the control of green mold disease. Strains of Pseudomonas tolaasii secret various peptide toxins, tolaasin and its structural analogues, having antifungal activities. These peptides have shown no effects on the growth of oak mushrooms. When the peptide toxins were applied to the green mold, Trichoderma harzianum H1, they inhibited the growth of green molds. Among the 20 strains of peptide-forming P. tolaasii, strong, moderate, and weak antifungal activities were measured from 8, 5, and 7 strains, respectively. During oak mushroom cultivation, bacterial culture supernatants containing the peptide toxins were sprayed on the aerial mycelia of green molds grown on the surface of sawdust media. The culture supernatants were able to suppress the fungal growth of green molds while no effect was observed on the mushroom growth and production. They changed the color of molds from white aerial mycelium into yellowish dried scab, representing the powerful anti-fungal and sterilization activities of peptide toxins.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1348-1358
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• 2017

To enhance the physiological activity of the Rhynchosia volubilis (RV), R. volubilis (RVHE-A) and R. volubilis-added herbal powder (RVHE-B) were fermented with a solid state culture of Hericium erinaceum mycelia (HE). The total isoflavone contents of the non-fermented RV-A ($489.9{\mu}g/g$) and RV-B ($571.1{\mu}g/g$) were remarkably increased in fermented RVHE-A ($1,836.4{\mu}g/g$) and RVHE-B ($1,276.7{\mu}g/g$). In particular, aglycone isoflavones such as daidzein and genistein were significantly higher in the RVHE-A than any other sample. When hot-water (HW) and EtOH extracts (E) were fractionated from the RV and RVHE, both extracts from the RVHE-A were higher than those from the RV-A in total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. However, the RVHE-B-HW showed a lower polyphenol and flavonoid content level than did RV-B-HW. RVHE-A-HW and -E also had more potent ABTS radical scavenging activity than any extract from the non-fermented RV and other ferments (RVHE-B). In the meanwhile, RVHE-A-HW potently stimulated the production of macrophage activation-related cytokines such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-12 ($841.7{\pm}71.3pg/mL$, $3.9{\pm}0.1ng/mL$, $179.3{\pm}30.2pg/mL$) from peritoneal macrophage more than RV-A-HW ($92.5{\pm}1.5pg/mL$, $0.1{\pm}0.0ng/mL$, $37.4{\pm}5.4pg/mL$) as well as RVHE-B-HW ($557.0{\pm}21.3pg/mL$, $1.8{\pm}0.0ng/mL$, $90.0{\pm}10.0pg/mL$). However, all the EtOH extracts did not show significant activity. In addition, the RVHE-A-HW showed a significantly higher intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer's patch and GM-CSF production than did any other extract from RV and RVHE-B. In conclusion, these results suggest that the fermented R. volubilis with H. erinaceum mycelia possesses a possible use as an industrial application as functional food or material.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1316-1324
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• 2014

Most beta-glucans obtained from various fruit bodies of mushrooms and mushroom mycelial cultures have high-molecular weight glycoproteins, conjugated with beta-glucans. We report that isoflavone-conjugated glycolproteins (designated as gluvone) were isolated and exhibited stronger anticarcinogenic activities. Agaricus blazei mycelia (ABM) was cultured in a liquid medium containing soybean flakes for 14 days. The liquid culture was autolyzed by incubating at $53^{\circ}C$ (pH 5.5) for 3 h. A crude glycoprotein (CGP) fraction with a cytotoxic effect on a mouse ascite cancer cell line (S-180) and a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was isolated from the autolyzed ABM cultures by 80% ethanol treatment. Gluvone was isolated from the CGP with Sephadex G-75 column chromatography. It exhibited a stronger anticancer effect than CGP against the S-180 cell-induced female ICR mouse ascites carcinogenesis. Gluvone with 9,400 daltons was identified as a glycoprotein conjugated with isoflavone. According to HPLC and GC analysis, in conjunction with $^1H$-NMR spectral analysis, it contained 60% carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, and ribose), 31% protein, and 2% isoflavone (daidzein and genistein), which is a novel material. These results indicate that a strong anticarcinogenic gluvone was isolated from the autolyzed product of a submerged liquid culture of ABM, suggesting that autolysis could be a useful tool to produce antitumor agents.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.126-129
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• 2000

The hypoglycemic effects of the hot water extract of soybean paste containing mycelia of Phellinus linteus, Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lucidum were evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. All the diabetic groups were not significantly affected in food intake and food efficiency ratio. Significant decrease in blood glucose was observed in all the soybean paste containing mushroom mycelia (SPM) groups. Especially, administration of soybean paste containing mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum, blood glucose level was significantly lowered up to 45% compared to that of diabetic control group. The GPT and GOT activities indicated lower values in all the SPM groups than in the diabetic control group.

• Mycobiology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2016

The genets of Suillus granulatus in a Pinus strobus stand ($13m{\times}60m$) were identified using random amplified polymorphic DNA molecular markers and the DNA of mushrooms that fruited for two years, and variations in genet size and distribution were analyzed. From a total of 116 mushrooms, 73 genets were identified and were grouped into three locations. The genets of mushrooms in close proximity differed from each other. The genet sizes varied at any of the three locations. The lengths of the identified genets in the pine stand ranged from 0.09 to 2.90 m. The average number of mushrooms per genet was 1.2 to 2.3, and the percentage of genets that were represented by a single mushroom was 44% to 94%. This variation in the genets of mushrooms in close proximity suggests that the ectomycorrhizal mycelial bodies of S. granulatus propagated sexually by fusing haploid spores derived from the mushrooms gills with below-ground mycelia. Therefore, it is necessary further to investigate the formation of new genets through spores in ectomycorrhizal fungal colonies.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2005

To elucidate the optimal conditions of mycelial growth of Pholiota adiposa, the effect of a kinds of media, incubation temperature and shaking culture were investigated. Mushroom complete medium was selected as superior media for mycelial growth in this fungus. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth of this fungus shows at 25℃. Shaking culture could be obtain the mycelia in two or three times than the stationary culture.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.43-46
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the utilization of platanus for Pleurotus ostreatus culture medium. The results are as follows ; The growth of mycelial was the highest in the mixture medium of platanus sawdust 90% with rice bran 10% as of 12.8cm after 30days culture. The mycelia density of most of media were high exception of mixture medium, platanus tree sawdust 60% with rice bran 40%. The total nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium contents in all mushroom media were tended to decrease after oyster mushroom growth. In platanus sawdust 90% with rice bran 10%, total nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium content of fruit body were higher than other treatments, but phosphate content was the highest in Douglas-fir sawdust 80% with rice bran 20% treatment as of 0.92%. The mycelial culture period was ranged 26~37 days according to different media, the mushroom yield of culture medium with platanus tree sawdust 80% with rice bran 20% was increased 18% compare to control Douglas-fir sawdust 80% with rice bran 20%.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.76
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• pp.477-484
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• 2006

This study was performed to know the potentialities of the fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica, as a medium for mushroom mycelial culture. Five mushroom mycelial (Agrocus blazei, Grifola frondosa, Hericium erinaceum, Innonotus obliquus, Phellinus linteus) were frown on the malt extract broth (MEB) and the cactus broth medium (CB). The submerged culture mixtures were extracted using equal volume of ethyl acetate, and their extract yields, total polyphenol contents, and some physiological activities were compared with each other Each extract from mycelial culture grown on CB medium showed remarkable enhancement in physiological activities compared with each counterpart grown on MEB. Among five mycelial cultures grown on CB medium, the extract yield and polyphenyl content were highest in the extract from Grifola frondosa (extract yield, 0.4 g/L and polyphenol content, 22.7%). Also, the extracts from Grifola frondosa showed the highest physiological activities, such as DPPH radical scavenging ($IC_{50}=362.9{\mu}g/ml$), xanthine oxidase inhibition (about 80% at $500{\mu}g/ml$), and superoxide radical scavenging (about 80% at $500{\mu}g/ml$), and NO production inhibition ($IC_{50}=43.1{\mu}g/ml$) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. This result suggests that the fruit of Opuntia ficus-indica can be used as a culture medium for improving the functional properties of various mushroom mycelia.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.235-241
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• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate some morphological characters of fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and to classify the fungus on the bases of the genetic character. Some of the isolates of the fungus which originally have the kidney-shaped fruit bodies produced the antler-shaped fruit bodies on artificial media and the latter characters were inherited. Pattern of the pileus surface and thickness of the pileus of the fruit bodies were also considered to be hereditary. Although morphology of the pileus margin and fruiting mode of the fungus were variable among the isolates, they were greatly influenced by environment conditions. Ganoderma lucidum could be classified into two groups and four strains according to the morphology of the fruit bodies on artificial cultivation media. Electrophoretic patterns of esterase, peroxidase, leucine aminopeptidase(LAP) and proteins of fruit bodies and mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum showed high genetic variation. Isozyme patterns of esterase of the mushroom mycelia were applicable for the classification of strains of the fungus. Patterns of proteins, leucine aminopeptidase and peroxidase did not indicate any genetic relation among the fungus strains.