• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.397-402
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• 2013

Morus Folium (Sang-yeop in Korean) is one of the most important Oriental medicinal plants. In Korea, both M. alba and M. cathayana are regarded as the botanical sources for Morus Folium. In order to discriminate M. alba and M. cathayana from their adulterant, M. tricuspidata, mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 7 (nad7) intron 2 region was targeted for molecular analysis with universal primers. DNA polymorphisms, including SNP sites, insertions, and deletions, were detected among these three species sequencing data. Based on these DNA polymorphisms, specific primers were designed for the three species respectively. Multiplex PCR was conducted for molecular authentication of M. alba, M. cathayana, and M. tricuspidata with specific primers. The present results indicate that it is possible to identify Morus Folium from its adulterant using mitochondrial nad7 intron 2 region. The established multiplex-PCR system was proved to be effective for identification of Morus Folium. The results indicate that mitochondrial introns can be used for inter-specific polymorphic study, and the described method can be applied for molecular identification of medicinal materials.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제62권2호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2019

The mulberry tree (Morus alba L.) has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. We investigated the effects of bioconversion on different components of the mulberry tree, and determined changes in the physiological activities. Ethyl acetate-soluble fractions of five different segments (fruit, Mori Fructus; leaf, Mori Folium; twig, Mori Ramulus; root, Mori Cortex; and mistletoe, Loranthi Ramulus) of the mulberry tree show enhanced anti-oxidant effects in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylvenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays, and enhanced anti-inflammatory effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, after being treated with a crude enzyme extract from Aspergillus kawachii, in the following order of activity: Mori Folium>Mori Cortex>Mori Ramulus>Mori Fructus>Loranthi Ramulus. Ethyl acetate- soluble fraction of mulberry leaves (Mori Folium) that underwent bioconversion was most effective, and was devoid of any cytotoxicity. The fraction was also effective against mRNA expression of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, $interleukin-1{\beta}$, and interleukin-6. In addition, the fraction was effective in LPS-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and IKK, and $I{\kappa}B$ degradation, followed by translocation of the nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Thus, bioconversion increased the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of the mulberry leaf.

• Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.144-151
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• 2016

Background: Immunoregulatory elements have emerged as useful immunotherapeutic agents against cancer. In traditional medicine, Mori folium, the leaf of Morus alba L. (Moraceae), has been used for various medicinal purposes; however, the immunomodulatory effects have not been fully identified. We evaluated the immunoenhancing potential of water extract of Mori folium (WEMF) in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Methods: RAW264.7 cells were treated with WEMF for 24 hours and cell viability was detected by an MTT method. Nitric oxide (NO) levels in the culture supernatants were assayed using Griess reagent. The productions of prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and immune-related cytokines was measured using ELISA detection kits. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Inducible NO synthase, COX-2, and cytokines were assayed by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The effect of WEMF on phagocytic activity was measured using a Phagocytosis Assay Kit. Results: WEMF significantly stimulated the production of NO and $PGE_2$ as immune response parameters at noncytotoxic concentrations, which was associated with the increased expression of inducible NO synthase and COX-2. The release and expression of cytokines, such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-10, were also significantly increased in response to treatment with WEMF. Moreover, WEMF promoted the macrophagic differentiation of RAW264.7 cells and the resulting phagocytosis activity. Conclusions: WEMF has the potential to modulate the immune function by regulating immunological parameters. Further studies are needed to identify the active compounds and to support the use of WEMF as an immune stimulant.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2014

Objective : This study was designed to investigate the anti-oxidative potentials to wide the usage of Morus alba L. derived from medicinal herbs on cosmoceutical fields. Methods : Anti-oxidative potentials were investigated by using several kinds of assays including electron donating ability, and the total contents of phenolic compounds were also measured. In some cases TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) method were used to identify the patterns of phenolics in herbal extracts. Results : Aurones which are sub-types of flavonoids were observed in methanol extract of Mori Cortex Radidus, and total phenolic contents in Mori Cortex Radidus were more than in methanol extracts of Mori Folium and Mori Ramulus. Various kinds of phenolic compounds were observed in chloroform fraction of Mori Cortex Radidus. Conclusion : According to these results, the chloroform fraction of Mori Cortex Radidus could be the most possible resource that has potentials on anti-oxidant agents on cosmoceutical fields.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국약용작물학회 2011년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.84-85
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• 2011

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

Objectives : The present study was designed to investigate the anti-diabetic effects of Mori Folium (Morus alba L. of Moraceae) extract (MFE) on high fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type II diabetes mellitus in mice. Methods : The mice (C57BL/6J) were fed HFD for 8 weeks and then was induced with a single injection of STZ (75 mg/kg). The diabetic mice were divided into four groups [(STD, HFD, HFD + MFE and HFD + quercetin (QUR)] and administered with MFE or OUR for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, lipid profile (triglycerides and cholesterol etc.), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), insulin and leptin were measured every 2 weeks. Results : Body weight gain was lower in the MFE and QUR groups than HFD group. The fasting blood glucose was lower in the MFE and QUR groups. Oral glucose and insulin tolerance were decreased in the MFE and QUR groups. The levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol were reduced in the MFE and QUR groups. The HDL cholesterol was much higher in the MFE and QUR groups than HFD group. The levels of GOT, GPT and atherogenic index were decreased in the MFE and QUR groups. The serum insulin and leptin concentrations were reduced in the MFE and QUR groups. Conclusions : These results showed that MFE could decrease blood glucose level and lead to an amelioration in dyslipidemia states on HFD/STZ-induced type II diabetes mellitus in mice.

• 생약학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2000

In order to find out hypoglycemic constituents from natural resources, Korean medicinal plants being used for the treatments of diabetes mellitus were tested with streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. From the above screening, the $CH_2Cl_2$ fraction of 80% methanol extracts of Morus alba leaves showed hypoglycemic activity. The $CH_2Cl_2$fraction was chromatographed on silica gel, resulting in 9 subfractions, and tested hypoglycemic activity. The subfraction which had a strong hypoglycemic activity was rechromatographed and two galactolipids (compounds 1 and 2) were isolated along with a triterpene (compound 3) from other fractions. On the basis of spectroscopic data, acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis and enzyme hydrolysis results, compounds 1, 2 and 3 were identified as $1-O-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octatrienoyl)-2-O-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octatrienoyl)-3-O-{\beta}-D-galactopyranosyl$ glycerol, $2(R)-1-O-octadecanoyl-2-O-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octatrienoyl)-3-O-{\beta}-D-galactopyranosyl$ glycerol, and $3{\beta}-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene$ acetate, respectively. Compound 2 (1mg/kg p.o.) has approximately 16% hypoglycemic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2017

상엽은 뽕나무 잎을 건조한 약재로서 항염증, 항당뇨, 미백, 항산화, 항박테리아, 항알러지 및 면역조절 등과 같은 여러 가지 약리작용을 하는 것으로 알려져 있으나 항비만 효능에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 상엽 에탄올 추출물(ethanol extracts of Mori Folium, EEMF)이 유발하는 항비만 효능을 확인하기 위하여 3T3-L1 지방전구세포가 지방세포로 분화되는 과정에서 EEMF가 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 조사하였다. 3T3-L1 지방전구세포의 분화유도 시 EEMF를 처리하였을 경우 지방세포의 특징인 지방방울의 수 및 지방함량이 농도의 존적으로 감소하였으며, triglyceride의 생성도 억제되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 EEMF는 pro-adipogenic transcription factors인 SREBP-1c, $PPAR{\gamma}$, $C/EBP{\alpha}$ 및 $C/EBP{\beta}$ 의 발현억제와 함께 adipocyte-specific genes인 aP2 및 Leptin의 발현억제도 유발하는 것으로 조사되었다. 특히 EEMF는 AMPK 및 ACC의 인산화를 억제하는 것으로 나타났지만 AMPK 억제제인 compound C를 이용하여 AMPK의 활성을 억제하였을 경우 EEMF에 의하여 유발되는 pro-adipogenic transcription factors 및 adipocyte-specific genes의 억제현상이 회복되었다. 이상의 결과에서 EEMF가 유발하는 adipogenesis의 억제는 AMPK signaling pathway의 활성화를 통하여 유발된다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 추가적인 연구를 통하여 상엽에 함유되어 있는 유효성분에 대한 분석이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.435-443
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• 2018

AMPK는 세포 내 에너지 균형을 조절하는 조절자 및 에너지 센서이며, 특히 골격근에서는 muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases의 조절을 통한 근육 단백질 분해를 증가시키는 것으로 알려져 있다. 한편 상엽은 다양한 약리학적 효능을 가지는 전통약재 중 하나이지만 근위축과 관련된 효능에 대해서는 거의 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 C2C12 myotubes에서 AMPK 활성제인 AICAR가 유발하는 근위축 및 관련 유전자의 발현과 함께 상엽 에탄올 추출물(ethanol extracts of Mori Folium, EEMF)이 유발하는 근위축 억제 효능에 대해서 조사하였다. 먼저 C2C12 myoblasts에 AICAR를 처리하였을 경우 AMPK 활성화가 유발되었으며, 하위 단계에 있는 FoxO3a의 발현 증가와 함께 muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases인 MAFbx/atrogin-1 및 MuRF1의 발현 증가와 muscle-specific transcription factors인 MyoD 및 myogenin의 발현 감소가 유발되었다. 또한 분화가 유발된 C2C12 myotubes에 세포독성이 없는 조건의 AICAR를 처리하였을 경우 근위축이 유발되었으며, EEMF는 AMPK 불활성화 및 FoxO3a 발현 억제를 유발함으로서 AICAR 처리에 의한 근위축을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과에서 AICAR에 의한 AMPK 활성화가 근위축을 유발한다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, EEMF는 AMPK signaling pathway를 통하여 AICAR에 의한 근위축을 억제한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.844-852
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• 2011

본 연구는 누에, 상심자, 상엽, 상지, 산약 및 차가버섯을 편리하게 음용할 수 있도록 제품을 개발하기 위하여 혼합 추출물의 성분과 기능성을 분석한 후 음료를 제조하여 음료의 성분 분석, 기능성 평가 및 동물실험을 수행하였다. 혼합 추출물의 일반성분 분석 결과 조단백질 0.31%, 조지방 0.38%, 탄수화물 0.42% 및 조회분 0.19%이었다. 유리당은 fructose 0.067 g/100 mL, glucose 0.047 g/100 mL이었고 DNJ는 161.02 mg/gdw을 함유하고 있었으며 항산화성을 검토한 결과 모든 항목에서 우수한 결과를 나타내었다. 또한 ${\alpha}$-glucosidase 저해활성도 우수하였다. 혼합 추출물을 이용하여 제조한 음료의 일반성분을 분석한 결과 조단백질 0.42%, 조지방 0.31 및 탄수화물 9.9%로 나타났다. 음료의 유리당 함량 분석 결과 fructose와 glucose가 증가하였다. 음료의 기능성을 평가한 결과 total polyphenol 함량은 71.93%이었고 전자공여능은 농도 5%에서 가장 높았으며 TBARS를 실험한 결과 특히 $KO_2$에 대한 억제능이 높은 것으로 나타났다. Streptozotocin으로 당뇨를 유발한 후 5주간 음료를 공급하여 혈당의 변화를 측정한 결과 실험 기간 중 정상군(A)은 혈당변화가 거의 없었으며, 당뇨 대조군(B)은 2주째부터 5주차까지 비슷하게 경향의 높은 혈당치를 나타내었다. 음료 경구 투여군(C)에서는 2주차부터 당뇨 대조군(B)에 비해 낮은 혈당치를 나타내었다. 음료 자유급여군(D)은 2주차부터 혈당치가 완만하게 떨어져 5주차에서는 당뇨 유발시험물질 투여군 중 가장 낮은 혈당치를 나타내는 경향을 보였다.