• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.495-501
• /
• 2017

The introduction of smart grid, which is an innovative application of digital processing and communications to the power grid, might lead to more and more cyber threats originated from IT systems. In other words, The Energy Management System (EMS) and other communication networks interact with the power system on a real time basis, so it is important to understand the interaction between two layers to protect the power system from potential cyber threats. This paper aims to identify and clarify the cyber security risks and their interaction with the power system in Smart Grid. In this study, the optimal power flow (OPF) and Power Flow Tracing are used to assess the interaction between the EMS and the power system. Through OPF and Power Flow Tracing based analysis, the physical and economic impacts from potential cyber threats are assessed, and thereby the quantitative risks are measured in a monetary unit.

• The Magazine of Kiice
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.57-63
• /
• 2016

What will the gaming industry look like in the future? Where is it heading? Most producers, developers, and gamers have been pondering such questions since the very beginning of video games. This paper asserts that the current trend in video games to emphasize rationalization will, in time, bring about an extreme polarization within the game industry. Each year the barriers to entry are becoming lower and the size of the game market is growing, which will bring about an emphasis on who has the power to be recognized in the industry. This paper argues that such trends will, in turn, lead to a power play in which the winner will always be the player with the most monetary power. In time, this prolonged power play is expected to bring about what this discussion refers to as a dystopian model within the game industry.

• International Area Studies Review
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.141-158
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study is to firstly estimate the inflation rate of North Korea using relative purchasing power parity. Most of the existing studies use North Korean rice prices as proxy to explain changes in North Korean prices. In this study, North Korea's price was estimated by applying purchasing power parity, which was used to estimate the price of socialist countries in the past, to North Korea. Second, it analyzes the impact of North Korea's price inflation after the institutional change of currency reform. We looked at the movements of North Korean prices after the institutional change of currency reform and compared it with the post-monetary reform of other socialist countries. We examine the impact of currency reform on North Korea, focusing on the price. As a result, after the currency reform in 2009, North Korea experienced hyperinflation. The North Korean inflation rate in the model was 3,010.0% in 2010, 195.0% in 2011, 68.0% in 2012 and 48.3% in 2013. After the currency reform of North Korea, the inflation rate is much higher than the socialist countries such as China and Vietnam who had experienced currency reform before. North Korea's monetary reforms are considered to have failed because of the side effects of hyperinflation.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2007.07a
• /
• pp.485-486
• /
• 2007

In the deregulated power market, suppliers, consumers and transmission companies try to maximize their profits by economical behaviors. In particular, generating companies like to sell more electricity for the revenue. Their situations will lead to various power system planning as optimal solutions for each supplier. In this paper, fundamental approaches of optimal power system planning under market positions of generating company are presented. The profit-maximizing approaches are modeled mathematically. By this analysis, each optimal planning is proved in risk of cost and monetary risk will be the economical signal for participants.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.7-20
• /
• 1992

Since 80th, in the monetary markets due to the escalation of creditable promptness dealing of financial goods, Korea monetary business has been confronted with structual contradictions. The first like a men power reduction, inorder to meet and satisfying with cost reduction policy of the holding firms and secondly, escalation and expention of business networks or facilities inorder to meet and satis~'ing with customers continuously seeking for prompt, acurate, and helpfulness service nearly like one similar to a door to door service. Accordingly, the firms eventually poured mere sweaty money into procuring such devices for upgrading. On the contrary, however, regardless the escalation monetary expenditure may be, inorder to promote quality of the same devices are keen necessary because present days customer groups were tended to receives ample service almost like door to door service without moving too$$\mu$h apart from the immediate spot where they belongs tl or veryspot of where actually they spend instead of deep consideration of natures, quality or sttractiveness of service medias what they can received from. Under the present circumstance, the financial business firms, however, would highly suffering and recei\ulcornerves pressures from imblalance natures ofincoming and out go of the business budget due to excessive inc1ease of managerial expences. For these reasons, therefor, in order to solves, compensates, improves, and developes most effective fina\ulcornerncial service for customers can use under most pleasant environment, the establishment of adequate standardization of such service devices based on the foregoing environmental circumstances. This analytical study, therefor, mainly aimed and emphasized based on pre- estimatimation of proper de\ulcornervlopment and use of the unattended servicing devices such as Cash Dispenser and Auto Teller Machine bygeneralization, automating. and innovation of design to meet compactness and door to door like convenient service for customers which can be achieved by performing constant comparative analysis and continual study toward development of such devices those of which produced by Five (5) major domestic producers aro~nd the country.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.21-36
• /
• 1992

Since 80th, in the monetary markets due to the escalation of creditable promptness dealing of financial goods, Korea monetary business has been confronted with structual contradictions. The first like a men power reduction, inorder to meet and satisfying with cost reduction policy of the holding firms and secondly, escalation and expention of business networks or facilities inorder to meet and satis~'ing with customers continuously seeking for prompt, acurate, and helpfulness service nearly like one similar to a door to door service. Accordingly, the firms eventually poured mere sweaty money into procuring such devices for upgrading. On the contrary, however, regardless the escalation monetary expenditure may be, inorder to promote quality of the same devices are keen necessary because present days customer groups were tended to receives ample service almost like door to door service without moving too$$\mu$h apart from the immediate spot where they belongs tl or veryspot of where actually they spend instead of deep consideration of natures, quality or sttractiveness of service medias what they can received from. Under the present circumstance, the financial business firms, however, would highly suffering and receives pressures from imblalance natures ofincoming and out go of the business budget due to excessive inc1ease of managerial expences. For these reasons, therefor, in order to solves, compensates, improves, and developes most effective financial service for customers can use under most pleasant environment, the establishment of adequate standardization of such service devices based on the foregoing environmental circumstances. This analytical study, therefor, mainly aimed and emphasized based on pre- estimatimation of proper devlopment and use of the unattended servicing devices such as Cash Dispenser and Auto Teller Machine by generalization, automating. and innovation of design to meet compactness and door to door like convenient service for customers which can be achieved by performing constant comparative analysis and continual study toward development of such devices those of which produced by Five (5) major domestic producers around the country.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.133-149
• /
• 2014

One of the main purposes of universities is to create new intellectual resources that will increase social values. These intellectual resources include academic research papers, lecture notes, patents, and creative ideas produced by both professors and students. However, intellectual resources in universities are often not distributed to the actual users or companies; and moreover, they are not even systematically being managed inside of the universities. Therefore, it is almost impossible for companies to access the knowledge created by university students and professors to utilize them. Thus, the current level of knowledge sharing between universities and industries are very low. This causes a great extravagant with high-quality intellectual and human resources, and it leads to quite an amount of social loss in the modern society. In the 21st century, the creative ideas are the key growth powers for many industries. Many of the globally leading companies such as Fedex, Dell, and Facebook have established their business models based on the innovative ideas created by university students in undergraduate courses. This indicates that the unconventional ideas from young generations can create new growth power for companies and immensely increase social values. Therefore, this paper suggests of a new platform for intellectual properties distribution with university-industry cooperation. The suggested platform distributes intellectual resources of universities to industries. This platform has following characteristics. First, it distributes not only the intellectual resources, but also the human resources associated with the knowledge. Second, it diversifies the types of compensation for utilizing the intellectual properties, which are beneficial for both the university students and companies. For example, it extends the conventional monetary rewards to non-monetary rewards such as influencing on the participating internship programs or job interviews. Third, it suggests of a new knowledge map based on the relationships between key words, so that the various types of intellectual properties can be searched efficiently. In order to design the system platform, we surveyed 120 potential users to obtain the system requirements. First, 50 university students and 30 professors in humanities and social sciences departments were surveyed. We sent queries on what types of intellectual resources they produce per year, how many intellectual resources they produce, if they are willing to distribute their intellectual properties to the industries, and what types of compensations they expect in returns. Secondly, 40 entrepreneurs were surveyed, who are potential consumers of the intellectual properties of universities. We sent queries on what types of intellectual resources they want, what types of compensations they are willing to provide in returns, and what are the main factors they considered to be important when searching for the intellectual properties. The implications of this survey are as follows. First, entrepreneurs are willing to utilize intellectual properties created by both professors and students. They are more interested in creative ideas in universities rather than the academic papers or educational class materials. Second, non-monetary rewards, such as participating internship program or job interview, can be the appropriate types of compensations to replace monetary rewards. The results of the survey showed that majority of the university students were willing to provide their intellectual properties without any monetary rewards to earn the industrial networks with companies. Also, the entrepreneurs were willing to provide non-monetary compensation and hoped to have networks with university students for recruiting. Thus, the non-monetary rewards are mutually beneficial for both sides. Thirdly, classifying intellectual resources of universities based on the academic areas are inappropriate for efficient searching. Also, the various types of intellectual resources cannot be categorized into one standard. This paper suggests of a new platform for the distribution of intellectual materials and human resources, with university-industry cooperation based on these survey results. The suggested platform contains the four major components such as knowledge schema, knowledge map, system interface, and GUI (Graphic User Interface), and it presents the overall system architecture.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.51-68
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this paper is to review China's perception on the U.S. power after the global financial crisis. Although economic power of U.S. was declined by the global financial crisis, U.S. hegemony in the international order still maintains. Gap of national power between U.S. and China may be narrow because of decline of U.S. economic power. It can be predicted China will push a policy that secures an initiative of reform in the global monetary system and is going to take a more cooperative policy without U.S. hegemony power harming China's core interests.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2005.06a
• /
• pp.600-603
• /
• 2005

U.S. National Research Council proposed benefits framework for energy R&D project as economic benefits, environmental benefits, security benefits and knowledge benefits. Following this framework, U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory evaluated the projected benefits of Federal Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programs in the indicators of energy-expenditure savings, energy system cost savings, $CO_2$ emissions reductions. oil savings, natural gas saving and avoided additions to central conventional power. As this result, geothermal energy have predominant position in the energy-expenditure savings, natural gas saving and avoided addi t ions to central conventional power to FY2050. The projected benefits, in monetary value, of the whole supply-potential of geothermal energy in Korea were evaluated as 480.2 billion Won, 43.1 billion Won and 135.8 billion Won for the private energy-cost savings, social environmental-cost savings, and import energy-cost saving, respectively.

• Korea Trade Review
• /
• v.47 no.5
• /
• pp.75-93
• /
• 2022

Purchasing Power Parity (hereafter, PPP) means the purchasing power of two currencies is the same when one is converted into the other one. According to previous studies on PPP, as the volatility of the real exchange rate is smaller, PPP may be more likely to hold. Since New Zealand adopted the inflation targeting policy in December 1989, many countries started to adopt it as their monetary policy frame. Previous studies on inflation targeting found that inflation targeting policy has positive effects on not only achieving price stability but also reducing the volatility of nominal/ real exchange rates. Therefore, in this study, I explored whether inflation targeting policy has positive effects on purchasing power parity subject to 19 OECD countries, applying an Exponential Smooth Transition Autoregressive (ESTAR) model during the sample periods, from 1974:Q1 to 2019:Q4. Based on the ESTAR estimate results, I found limited favorable evidence of PPP for only two countries- England and Switzerland- among 9 inflation targeters, compared to non-inflation targeters, and also I found that favorable evidence of PPP only for these two countries among 9 inflation targeters during post-inflation targeting, but not during pre-inflation targeting. These findings imply that the positive effects of inflation targeting on PPP may be questionable unlike Ding and Kim (2012) and Kim (2014)'s study.