• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.132-148
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• 2012

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of dysmenorrhea care program by Korean traditional medicine on dysmenorrhiec juveniles. Methods: 47 adolescent dysmenorrhiec patients in local girls' high school took part in dysmenorrhea care program by Korean traditional medicine. The subjects were treated by acupuncture, ear-acupuncture, acupressure education, herbal extract medication and qigong exercise. The results were investigated by visual analogue scale(VAS), multidimensional verbal rating scale(MVRS) and verbal rating scale (VRS). Data was collected every three months from March, 2011 to March, 2012. Additionally satisfaction survey was conducted. Results: VAS score was reduced after treatment, but rebounded back to baseline after 6 months of discontinued dysmenorrhea care program. There was no significant difference of time and group interaction in linear mixed model analysis. MVRS and VRS outcomes showed similar pattern. Conclusions: Dysmenorrhea care program by Korean traditional medicine is effective in juveniles with dysmenorrhea for several months but not for long as nine months after treatment. However, the effect can last for three months at the very least.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.51-63
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• 2002

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigated that effect of Bupleuri Radix Herbal-acupuncture solution (BRHS) on the celluar immune response in mice with adjuvant induced arthritis, performed several experimental items : those are paw edema, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, PNF-a and $PGE_2$. Methods : All the male Sprague Daeley mice used in this study were bred and maintained in our pathogen-free mouse colony and were 8 weeks of age at the start of the experiment. The experimental model of arthritis was induced by injection of $50{\mu}g/{\mu}{\ell}$ adjuvant(mineral oil mixed Mycobacterium butyricum). Bupleuri Radix Herbal-acupuncture solution (BRHS) was injected into $ST_{36}$(足三理) of mice daily for 21 days. Immunohistological analysis was carried out to assess paw edema, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, PNF-${\alpha}$ and $PGE_2$expression in synovial membrance and sera Bupleuri Radix Herbal-acupuncture solution(BRHS) injected. Results : At day 21 post arthritis onset, immunohistological studies using monoclonal antibodies showed that Bupleuri Radix Herbal-acupuncture solution (BRHS) group had decreased expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, PNF-${\alpha}$ and $PGE_2$ at inflamatory cytokines production and edema compared with control group. Conclusion : Bupleuri Radix Herbal-acupuncture solution (BRHS) inhibited infammatory cytokines production and edema in adjuvant induced arthritic mice. Thus, Herbal-acupuncture solution may have prevention.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1040-1049
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• 2012

This study examines the effects of pursued benefits and satisfaction (or dissatisfaction) on repurchase intentions. The research was comprised of a 2 (satisfaction after purchase: satisfaction versus dissatisfaction) ${\times}2$ (product benefit type: utilitarian benefit versus hedonic benefit) ${\times}2$ (hyperopic disposition: high versus low) model, designed with three mixed elements. The subject participants of this study were 168 female university students aged 20 to 29 from the Seoul, Gyeong-gi do, and Chung-cheong do areas. We performed a reliability analysis, T-test, and ANOVA using the SPSS statistic package. The results of this study are summarized as follows. In terms of product benefit that influences repurchase intention based on whether a consumer has experienced satisfaction after purchasing a fashion product, repurchase intention was high for hedonic benefits regardless of the level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction after a purchase. However, we found a significant difference in preference when the hyperopic disposition of a consumer was taken into account. When dissatisfied with a purchase, consumers with low levels of hyperopic disposition displayed higher repurchase intentions for the products of hedonic benefit than those of utilitarian benefits. However, when dissatisfied with a purchase, consumers with high levels of hyperopic disposition displayed low levels of repurchase intention regardless of the type of product benefit. When consumers are satisfied with a purchase, they are more likely to repurchase hedonic products than utilitarian products.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.51-70
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• 1986

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is known to exert its effects on bone cells through the mediation of adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP). Orthodontic forces have also been shown to alter the cAMP content of paradental cells, particularly the alveolar bone osteoblasts. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether a combined orthodontic treatment-PTH administration regimen would have an additive effect on cAMP content in paradental cells in sites of periodontal ligament (PDL) tension. Seven groups of 4 one year old female cats each were treated for 1,3,6,12,24 h, 7 and 14 d by tipping one maxillary canine. PTH was administered twice daily, 30u/kg. Maxillary horizontal sections were stained immunohistochemically for cAMP and the degree of cellular staining intensity was determined microphotometrically as per cent light transmittance at 600nm. Alveolar bone osteoblasts, progenitor cells, PDL fibroblasts and cementoblasts in tenion sites were measured and the data were analyzed statistically by a mixed model analysis of variance. PTH administration increased the cAMP staining of nonorthodontically treated paradental cells in comparison to cells untreated by force or hormone. Cells in PDL tension sites of PTH-treated cats demonstrated significantly darker cAMP staining than cells in non-orthodontically-treated sites. Osteoblasts demonstrated the greatest response in terms of cAMP elevation, while in PDL fibroblasts orthodontic force did not increase cAMP levels above those measured in non-stretched hormonally-treated cells. These results demonstrate that PTH increases cAMP levels in paradental cells, particullarly in osteoblasts, and that the effects of PTH and orthodontic forces on paradental target cells may approach additivity.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 2005

One of the most important factors that determine the quality of a stated preference study is questionnaire design. This study introduces strategies for enhancing the rationality and testing for the validity of choice experiments(CE) using "example" choice questions that mimic the main choice questions. From the case study of WTP for reduced radon radiation exposures in the home, the study found that screening out irrational responses, 12% of the effective responses, resulted in a meaningful increase in model fit. Meanwhile the study tested for anchoring effects, as a way of confirming the divergent validity of the study, by looking at equality of models estimated for two subsamples. The overall test results were mixed. The pros and cons of the questionnaire design strategy employed are also reported.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.93-102
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• 1997

Coastal circulations during the (surface condition of an) idealized cold-air outbreak are numerically investigated with two-dimensional, non-hydrostatic model in which a constant bottom-slope exists. The atmospheric forcing during a cold-air outbreak is incorporated as the surface cooling and the wind stress. When the offshore angle of the wind-stress vector, defined as the angle measured from the alongshore axis, is smaller than 45 degrees, a strong downwelling circulation develops near the coast. A sharp density front, which separates the vertically homogeneous region from the offshore stratified region, is formed near the coast and propagates offshore with time. Onshore side of the density front, small-scale circulation cells which are aligned in the direction perpendicular to the bottom begin to develop as the near-coast homogeneous region broadens. The surface cooling enhances greatly the development of the surface mixed layer by convective motions due to hydrostatic instability. The convective motions reach far below the hydrostatically unstable layer which is attached to the surface. The small-scale circulation cells are appreciably modified by the convetion cell and the density front develops far offshore compared to the case of no surface cooling. As to the effect of the bottom slope, the offshore distance of the density front increases (decreases) as the bottom slope decreases (increases), which results from the fact that the onshore volume-transport (Ekman transport) of the low-density upper seawater remains almost constant when the wind-stress is maintained constant. It is shown that the bottom slope is an essential factor for the formation of both the density front and the alongshore current when the surface cooling is the only forcing.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.2 s.141
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• pp.81-87
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• 2005

The effects of the DWP-04 [DDB:selenium yeast:glutathione (31.1 : 6.8 : 62.1 (w/w%)] on acetaminophen detoxification enzyme system were studied in rats. Treatment with DWP-04 was prevented againt acetaminophen-induiced hepatotoxicity in rat as evidenced by the decreased formation of lipid peroxide. Effect of DWP-04 on the activities of free radical-generating enzymes, free radical scavenging enzymes and glutathione-related enzymes as well as detoxification mechanism of DWP-04 against acetaminophen-treated was investigated in rat. Activities of cytochrome p450, cytochrome b5, aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase as free radical-generating enzymes activities were decreased by the treatment with DWP-04 against acetaminophen treated. Although acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity results in the significantly decrease in the level of hepatic glutathione and activities of glutathine S-transferase, quinone reductase, glutathione reductase and ${\gamma}-glutamyl-$cysteine synthetase, these decreasing effects were markedly lowered in the DWP-04-treated rat. Therefore, it was concluded that the mechanism for the observed preventive effect of DWP-04 against the acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity was associated with the decreased activities in the free radical-generating enzyme system.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.246-252
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• 2012

After a mixed carbohydrate diet, inhibition of ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase involved in the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates can significantly decrease the postprandial increase of blood glucose level. In the course of screening these useful enzyme inhibitors, we selected five kinds of bean, using an in-vitro enzyme inhibition assay method. To evaluate the effect of germination process on the functionality of the bean, we investigated the inhibitory activities of the water extracts of non-germinated bean and germinated bean against ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, relevant to postprandial hyperglycemia. We also investigated the oxygen radical absorbance capacity(ORAC), total phenolics content, and postprandial blood glucose lowering effect in rats(Sprague-Dawley rat model). Most germinated beans showed significantly higher ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, compared with non-germinated beans. Among germinated beans, Glycine max had the highest ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity(53.3%). The water extract of germinated Phaseolus vulgaris L. had the highest ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity(95.1%), followed by Glycine max(58.7%), and Glycine max L. Merr(54.1%). Furthermore, the five germinated beans also showed high antioxidant activities in ORAC assay. Results suggested that the germination process may improve and enhance the anti-hyperglycemia potential and antioxidant activity of the bean.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 2005

Candida albicans, a polymorphic fungus, causes systemic and local infections. Recent reports show that the fungus is a main etiological agent for the arthritis. For trea tment, antifungal drugs and/or rheumatoid drugs are used, but resistance and side effects limit application of the drugs. In search of new sources for treatment of the fungal arthritis, we choose Egb 761 (extract of Ginkgo leaves 761), one of the most popular over-the-counter herbal medicines. The Egb 761 contains two major ingredients such as terpene and flavonoid. In the present study, we examined if the terpene portion of Egb 761 had anti-inflammatory activity against C.albicans-caused arthritis. The terpene was extracted with combination of methanol and water from the Egb 761, followed by gel-permeation chromatography. Presence of terpene was determined by the Salkowski colorimetric method and HPLC analysis. For an animal model of inflammation induction, mice were given an emulsion form of C.albicans cell wall mixed with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) by footpad-injection. Results showed that intraperitoneal administration of the water-soluble portion that contained terpene and flavonoid reduced the inflammation. Whereas the terpene had anti-inflammatory activity, flavonoid portion had no such activity, For determination of possible mechanism of the activity, the terpene seemed to be suppression of nitric oxide (NO) production from LPS-treated macrophages. Taken together the Ginkgo terpene may have anti-inflammatory effect against C.albicans-caused arthritis, possibly by blocking NO production.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.224-229
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• 2014

Objective : To report long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of minimally invasive posterior cervical foraminotomy (MI-PCF) performed in patients with unilateral single-level cervical radiculopathy. Methods : Of forty-six patients who underwent MI-PCF for unilateral single-level radiculopathy between 2005 and 2013, 33 patients were included in the study, with a mean follow-up of 32.7 months. Patients were regularly followed for clinical and radiological assessment. Clinical outcome was measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) for the neck/shoulder and arm, and the neck disability index (NDI). Radiological outcome was measured by focal/global angulation and disc height index (DHI). Outcomes after MI-PCF were evaluated as changes of clinical and radiological parameters from the baseline. Mixed effect model with random patients' effect was used to test for differences in the clinical and radiological parameters repeat measures. Results : There were no complications and all patients had an uneventful recovery during the early postoperative period. VAS scores for neck/shoulder and arm improved significantly in the early postoperative period (3 months) and were maintained with time (p<0.001). NDI improved significantly post-operatively and tended to decrease gradually during the follow-up period (p<0.001). There were no statistically significant changes in focal and global angulation at follow-up. Percent DHIs of the upper adjacent or operated disc were maintained without significant changes with time. During the follow-up, same site recurrence was not noted and adjacent segment disease requiring additional surgery occurred in two patients (6%) on the contra-lateral side. Conclusion : MI-PCF provides long-term pain relief and functional restoration, accompanied by good long-term radiological outcome.