• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.81-101
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• 2009

This study analyzed a total of 37 studies about bi-lingulism and English education as a foreign language published in 8 academic journals in early childhood education or child development fields. Research topics, participants, methods, and variables in the studies were categorized and descriptively analyzed. The research findings which had been statistically investigated were also summarized. The most frequently studied research topics were children's development and English education program exposure, actual conditions of English education in preschool settings and effectiveness of specific English programs for preschool children. However, children's home characteristics were seldom included as research variables and no research investigated so called English preschools. Several studies reported that bi-lingual children may have different language development paths from mono-lingual children but they eventually have comparable language abilities to mono-lingual children. Also some studies reported that, when learning English as a foreign language in school settings, older children can handle more information regarding English than younger children, resulting in better outcomes of older children. Exposure to two languages in early childhood seems to contribute to young children's meta linguistic awareness but the long term effect of English education in early childhood should be further studied. Several English education programs for preschool settings were developed and the effectiveness were investigated. Even though most of them reported that their programs were effective to children's English ability or interests, the results should be carefully interpreted because their research designs and methods were not rigorous.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.130-146
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• 2010

This research examines difference in learning motivation and self-regulated learning according to the general characteristics of the students in hotel and food service related departments at vocational colleges, and subsequently identifies correlation between the two attributes. The research conducted a survey for 300 students in hotel and food service related departments at three vocational colleges in Daegu region, and 267 copies were used for the final analysis. In terms of learning motivation, students in the age between 20 and 24 indicated 'employment after graduation' as the strongest motivation while relatively older students indicated 'joy of learning' as their motivation. It turned out that students who showed strong motivation in terms of 'employment after graduation' and 'fun of college life' acquired more professional certificates. Next, regarding self-regulated learning, female students showed higher ability than male students. Students in higher grade, with older age, and with field practice experience showed more strength in self-regulated learning. Students with higher levels of a cognitive strategy, meta cognition and achievement value acquired more professional certificates. Learning motivation and self-regulated learning showed positive correlation with an exception of 'amotivation' among learning motivations. 'Amotivation' demonstrated negative correlation with all the factors of self-regulated learning ability.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.717-746
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• 2014

The study aimed to explore how to improve mathematical thinking through metacognitive learning by stressing metacognitive abilities as a core strategy to increase mathematical creativity and problem-solving abilities. Theoretical exploration was followed by an analysis of correlations between metacognitive abilities and various ways of mathematical thinking. Various metacognitive teaching and learning methods used by many teachers at school were integrated for sharing. Also, the methods of learning application and assessment of metacognitive thinking were explored. The results are as follows: First, metacognitive abilities were positively related to 'reasoning, communication, creative problem solving and commitment' with direct and indirect effects on mathematical thinking. Second, various megacognitive ability-applied teaching and learning methods had positive impacts on definitive areas such as 'anxiety over Mathematics, self-efficacy, learning habit, interest, confidence and trust' as well as cognitive areas such as 'learning performance, reasoning, problem solving, metacognitive ability, communication and expression', which is a result applicable to top, middle and low-performance students at primary and secondary education facilities. Third, 'metacognitive activities, metaproblem-solving process, personal strength and weakness management project, metacognitive notes, observation tables and metacognitive checklists' for metacognitive learning were suggested as alternatives to performance assessment covering problem-solving and thinking processes. Various metacognitive learning methods helped to improve creative and systemic problem solving and increase mathematical thinking. They did not only imitate uniform problem-solving methods suggested by a teacher but also induced direct experiences of mathematical thinking as well as adjustment and control of the thinking process. The study will help teachers recognize the importance of metacognition, devise and apply teaching or learning models for their teaching environments, improving students' metacognitive ability as well as mathematical and creative thinking.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.121-136
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• 2016

Objectives : Despite various treatment for Shoulder-hand syndrome being presented, only a few studies that examine the direct efficacy of acupuncture exist. The aim of this study is to establish a base for further research by reviewing studies on acupuncture treatment for Shoulder-hand syndrome. Methods : Clinical studies involving the effects of acupuncture for Shoulder-hand syndrome, published on July 19th 2016, were obtained from Pubmed, RISS, OASIS, the Journal of Korean Acupuncture and Moxibustion, the Journal of Korean institute of pharmacopuncture, the Korean Journal of Acupuncture, NDSL, Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal, DBpia, and KISS. Selected studies were evaluated by the Jadad scale and FEAS. Results : Among a total of two hundred and fifteen articles, thirteen articles (RCT 9, SR 1, Meta analysis 1, CCT 1 article, Case series 1) that meet the criteria were selected. Among 13 articles, one article was published in Korea. And apart from this one article, twelve studies were published in China. All studies reported that the experimental group treated by acupuncture had significantly better effects compared to the control group. However, the overall quality assessment of the studies is low. Conclusion : Despite several limitations, various studies to prove limited yet effective acupuncture treatment on Shoulder-hand syndrome provides much significance. Subsequent studies conducted by the complementary systematic review of the studies and well-designed clinical trials using the methodological quality will be needed to more firmly validate the therapeutic effect of acupuncture on Shoulder-hand syndrome.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.93-112
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• 2017

Objectives : To evaluate and summarize the efficacy and safety of acupuncture treatment (AT) in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Methods : Fifteen databases (Pubmed, Cochrane, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, CNKI, Wanfang, and eight Korean databases) were searched up to September 2016. Only trials in which acupuncture was the sole treatment were included. Fatigue was used as the primary outcome measure, while the quality of life, pain, mood disorders, and adverse events were used as secondary outcome measures. We adopted three classifications: AT vs Sham AT, AT vs Wait-list, AT vs Western medication. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the methodological quality. Results : A total of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 869 participants were identified. In comparison with Sham AT, AT significantly alleviated fatigue and pain, but no conclusions about the quality of life and mood disorders could be drawn. In the Wait-list group and Western medication groups, patients with CFS might feel less fatigued following acupuncture treatment, but the evidence was insufficient due to lack of study. Nine of 11 RCTs (81.8%) reported adverse events and there were two cases of mild subcutaneous hemorrhage, but no serious adverse cases. Conclusion : This review found evidence that patients with CFS may generally benefit from alleviation of symptoms by acupuncture treatment, and there is no evidence of worsening symptoms or causing of serious adverse events. A positive effect on fatigue and pain was observed, but no conclusion for improving quality of life and mood disorders.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.323-355
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• 2015

This study examined grapheme-to-phoneme regularity effect among late Korean-English bilinguals by using whole word level task (lexical processing) and two meta-phonological tasks(sub-lexical processing): [1] English word naming task(whole word level), [2] rhyme judgement task(rhyme level), and [3] phoneme deletion task(phoneme level). Forty-three late Korean-English bilinguals participated in all three tasks. In these tasks, participants showed better performance in regular word conditions compared to irregular word conditions, demonstrating a clear English regularity effect. Post-hoc correlational analysis revealed strong correlation between word naming task and rhyme judgement task, which is different from the results reported with English monolinguals. The contradicting results might be due to the relevantly low English proficiency level among late Korean-English bilingual speakers. In conclusion, this study suggests that late Korean-English bilinguals make use of L2 grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (GPC) rule when reading L2 English words.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.49-61
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• 2011

In recent, library is considered as an integrated knowledge convergence center that can respond to various requests about information service of users. Therefor it is necessary to establish a novel information system based on information communications technologies of the era. In other words, it is currently required to develop mobile information service available in portable devices such as smart phones or tablet PCs, and to establish information system reflecting cloud computing, SaaS, Annotation, and Library 2.0 etc. In this paper we design and implement a library information system using collective intelligence and cloud computing. This information system can be adapted for the varieties of mobile service paradigm and abruptly increasing amount of electronic materials. Advantages of this concept model are resource sharing, multi-tenant supporting, configuration, and meta-data supporting etc. In addition it can offer software on-demand type user services. In order to test the performance of our system, we perform an effectiveness analysis and TTA authentication test. The average response time corresponding to variance of data reveals 0.692 seconds which is very good performance in timing effectiveness point of view. And we detect maturity level-3 or 4 authentication in TTA tests such as SaaS maturity, performance, and application programs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.207-208
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• 2000

Since trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroethylene (DCE), and vinyl chloride (VC) arise from anaerobic degradation of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and TCE, there is interest in creating aerobic remediation systems that avoid the highly toxic VC and cis-DCE which predonominate in anaerobic degradation. However, it seemed TCE could not be degraded aerobically without an inducing compound (which also competitively inhibits TCE degradation). It has been shown that TCE induces expression of both the toluene dioxygenase of p. putida F1 as well as toluene-p-monooxygenase of P.mendocina KRI. We investigated here the ability of PCE, TCE, and chlorinated phenols to induce toluene-o-xylene monooxygenase (ToMO) from P.stutzeri OX1. ToMO has a relaxed regio-specificity since it hydroxylates toluene in the ortho, meta, and para positions; it also has a broad substrate range as it oxidizes o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and naphthalene; chlorinated compounds including TCE, 1, 1-DCE, cis-DCE, trans-DCE, VC, and chloroform : as well as mixtures of chlorinated aliphatics (Pseudomonas 1999 Maui Meeting). ToMO is a multicomponent enzyme with greatest similarity to the aromatic monooxygenases of Burkholderia pickettii PKO1 and P.mendocina KR1. Using P.sturzeri OX1, it was found that PCE induces P.mendocina KR1 Using P.situtzeri OX1, it was found that PCE induces ToMO activity measured as naphthalene oxygenase activity 2.5-fold, TCE induces 2.3-fold, and toluene induces 3.0 fold. With the mutant P.stutzeri M1 which does not express ToMO, it was also found there was no naphthalene oxygenate activity induced by PCE and TCE; hence, PCE and TCE induce the tow path. Using P.putida PaW340(pPP4062, pFP3028) which has the tow promoter fused to the reporter catechol-2, 3-dioxygenase and the regulator gene touR, it was determined that the tow promoter was induced 5.7-, 7.1-, and 5.2-fold for 2-, 3-, 4-chlorophenol, respectively (cf. 8.9-fold induction with o-cresol) : however, TCE and PCE did not directly induce the tou path. Gas chromatography and chloride ion analysis also showed that TCE induced ToMO expression in P.stutzeri OX1 and was degraded and mineralized. This is the first report of significant PCE induction of any enzyme as well as the first report of chlorinated compound induction of the tou operon. The results indicate TCE and chlorinated phenols can be degraded by P.stutzeri OX1 without a separate inducer of the tou pathway and without competitive inhibition.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 1982

Typical stratigraphic sequences of Paleozoic form the Baegunsan Syncline (equal to Hambaeg Syncline) and Taebaegsan Group is the basement in the southern part of Kangweon Province. Deformation pattern depends on their stratigraphic site and their internal properties. In the biotite schists and meta-sandstones of Pre-Cambrian sequences, flow folds and ptygmatic folds are developed, and high strain deformation is pervasive. Deformational patterns of Cambro-Ordovician are variable because of their various formations. Fracturing is pervasive in the Jangsan Quartzite and Daegi and Maggol Limestone. Welldeveloped slaty cleavage and angular folds of kink and chevron types are the prevailing structures of pelitic rocks. The most characteristic feature of limestone alternated with argillite is the "Compositional cleavage (Author's proposal)" known as the "Worm-eatern" structures. It was known that this structures have a sedimentary origin. But their preferred orienation of long axis of erosional lime holes, originated from tectonic deformation of folding. And this structures have the same character as the axial plane cleavages. Fracturing and long wave concentric folds are dominant characters of the Upper Paleozic sequences. In this area, two folds are superimposed. Field studying and analysis of structures show that the cross-folds of NS-direction are pervasive and were deformed by the EW-directional Baegunsan Syncline. The cross-folding is the major and penetrative deformation and prior to Baegunsan Syncline.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.7 no.2 s.14
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• pp.39-45
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• 2005

Nowadays, the demand of the output analyzed from the grid data have been sharply increased as the remote sensing technologies and GIS related industry have been developed. Therefore, a metadata access system which fits the requirements of the users should be developed for better managing and utilizing gridded data. In this background, this study defined a common application schema through the analysis of the metadata built by numerous institutes based on the draft metadata standards. The draft metadata standards has been proposed from the study supported by ETRI at 2003 which mainly concentrated on establishing the standards of distributing metadata for the grid data. Also, XML based integrated system was developed to access metadata maintained by SaTReC as well as SIMC to facilitate more convenient data access for the grid data users. The results of the pilot system developed from this study can be expected to contribute to build more efficient and enlarged integrated access system of metadata for grid data.