• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.269-273
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• 2014

Activity guided phytochemical examination of the rhizome of Phragmites communis has led to the isolation of two phenolic acids and two lignans. Structures of these compounds were elucidated as methyl gallate (1), ${\rho}$ -hydroxy cinnamic acid (2), (+) -lyoniresinol (3), (+)-lyoniresinol-9'-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (4) by comparisons with previously reported spectral data. To investigate the melanogenesis inhibitory effects of these compounds, the melanin level and tyrosinase activity were examined in B16F10 melanoma cell. Each compound inhibited both tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis compared with positive control, kojic acid and arbutin. These results suggest that the phenolic compounds from Phragmites communis might be developed as a potent skin whitenting cosmeceuticals.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.704-712
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• 2022

Research on whitening materials using natural alternatives is actively being conducted. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro inhibitory effects of Ranunculus chinensis Bunge (RCB) on melanogenesis and associated enzymes, such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 in B16F10 murine melanoma cells. We found that RCB extract significantly attenuated melanin synthesis and reduced the activity of intracellular tyrosinase, a rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme. Western blot analysis showed that RCB extract decreased the protein expression of tyrosinase and TRP-1. In addition, it significantly decreased the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a key regulator of melanogenesis. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation has been reported to be involved in the inhibition of melanogenesis. Thus, we investigated whether the hypopigmentary effects of RCB extract were related to the activation of ERK. RCB extract induced ERK phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, it markedly inhibited body pigmentation in a zebrafish model. Our results suggest that RCB extract inhibits melanogenesis by activating ERK pathway-mediated suppression of MITF and its downstream target genes, including tyrosinase. Therefore, RCB extract can be used as a whitening agent in the development of functional cosmetics.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.327-332
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• 2017

In this study, the whitening activity of Nymphoides indica extract in B16F10 cells were measured. Inhibition rate of tyrosinase from mushroom was 42% at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. And inhibition of tyrosinase and melanin biosynthesis in B16F10 cells were 26 and 25% at $5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The expression levels of cAMP and protein kinase A (PKA), which are higher levels of melanin-related factors, were found to be decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the expression rate of protein and mRNA of tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1), tyrosinase related protein 2 (TRP2) and microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF). In this study, it was confirmed that the N. indica extract effectively inhibited the activity of tyrosinase, TRP1, TRP2 and MITF as well as the activity of PKA by effectively inhibiting cAMP. Therefore, it was confirmed that the N. indica extract has high value as a functional material.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.49-61
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• 2017

Objectives : In order to find out the whitening effects of Leonuri Herba, this study was designed to identify the effects and the action mechanism of LHE(Leonuri Herba extract) on Malignant melanoma cell lines. Methods : After treating LHE on the B16F10 cell-Malignant melanoma cell line-, the cell survival rate, melanin biosynthesis rate, intra&extracellular tyrosinase activity rate, SOD-like activity, tyrosinase mRNA gene expression were investigated. The results were compared with control group without LHE treatment or with positive control group treated with whitening efficacy substance. Results : B16F10 cell survival rate, melanin biosynthesis rate, and intra&extracellular tyrosinase activity were significantly inhibited depending on the concentration of treated LHE. Melanin biosynthesis rate and tyrosinase activity rate were also decreased when ${\alpha}-MSH$ was combined with LHE. In addition, the SOD-like activity was increased in a concentration-dependent manner in the treatment with the LHE, indicating signigicant activity at high concentrations, and the tyrosinase mRNA gene expression was decreased in both the LHE-treated group, the LHE and ${\alpha}-MSH-treated$ group. Conclusions : LHE seems to inhibit melanin synthesis through inhibition of tyrosinase activity and inhibition of tyrosinase mRNA gene expression. It also has the effect of promoting SOD-like activity and may be used clinically as a skin whitening agent in the future.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.70-78
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• 2022

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of preventing pigmentation caused by external stimuli, promoting skin regeneration and whitening of the skin composition containing complex extract of Dendrobii Caulis and Centella asiatica (CE). We evaluated cell viability, tyrosinase and melanin inhibition activity, skin irritation test, and skin moisturizing and regenerative effects using CE. As a result of the tyrosinase inhibitory activity, 100 ㎍/mL CE (35.31%) showed higher value than kojic acid (21.32%). The results of melanin synthesis inhibition in B16F10 melanoma cells after treatment with α-melanocyte stimulating hormone showed a similar level of activity to that of arbutin, indicating an excellent whitening effect. In clinical test of the skin composition containing CE, we confirmed that CE is non-irritated in human skin primary irritation test as well as have a high skin moisturizing and regenerative effect. From these results, we suggested the CE not only prevents skin damage and pigmentation caused by external stimuli but has remarkable skin brightening activity and skin regeneration effect.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.183-189
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate the whitening effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in addition to its antioxidative activities. The cytotoxicity of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus was 7.6% at 10.0% (v/v) concentration. Its cytotoxicity was lower than 3.2% of Lactobacillus casei when adding the same concentration. Lactobacillus rhamnosus exhibited high antioxidative activities at 14.9% of DPPH radical scavenging activity, and a lower reducing power was measured. Lactobacillus casei exhibited relatively lower antioxidative activities at 13.4%. The tyrosinase inhibition activity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus was observed at 31.3% when adding 10.0% (v/v), as compared to 17.7% for Lactobacillus casei. Lactobacillus rhamnosus demonstrated strong inhibition activity for melanin synthesis at 58.6% when adding 10.0% (v/v), while Lactobacillus casei increased to 80.6%. It was also observed that the high antioxidative activities of Lactobacillus rhamnosus were strongly correlated to whitening activities, due to the inhibition of both tyrosinase and melanin synthesis. These results support the expanded use of lactic acid bacteria as a functional bioresources in the cosmetics industry.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.32 no.3 s.58
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• pp.153-160
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• 2006

We synthesized 2',4'-dimethoxyflavone and investigated the effects on melanogenesis. To determine the effects as a whitening agent, various in uitro tests were performed such as free radical scavenging activity, melanin assay, tyrosinase activity and expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2 (western blot and RT-PCR) in Bl6 melanoma cells. 2',4'-Dimethoxyflavone showed neither free radical scavenging activities against 1,1- diphenyl -2-picrylhydrazvl (DPPH) radical and inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase activity, 2',4'-dimethoxyflavone significantly inhibited melanin production in B16 melanoma cells. 2',4'-Dimethoxyflavone treatment (48h) suppressed the biosynthesis of melanin up to 27% at $5{\mu}g/mL$ and reduced tyrosinase activity up to 20% at $5{\mu}g/mL$ in B16 melanoma cells. 2',4'-Dimethoxyflavone was also able to significantly inhibit tyrosinase and TRP-1 expression in protein and mRNA level. These results suggest that 2',4'-dimethoxyflavone inhibits melanin biosynthesis at the level of enzyme activity and protein mRNA expression B16 melanoma cells. Therefore, 2',4'-dimethoxyflavone may be useful as a new whitening agent in cosmetics.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.257-263
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• 2009

In order to search for new whitening cosmetic ingredients from Chinese herbal extracts including Chinese herbs and complex prescriptions from TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine), we screened about 47 TCM extracts collected from China. We tested their inhibitory effects on melanogenesis by using in vitro tyrosinase inhibition assay and B16 melanoma cells. We selected Siphonostegia chinensis and Salvianic miltiorrhiza Bunge. We isolated Danshensu ($\alpha$,3,4-trihydroxybenzenepropanoic acid sodium salt) from Salvianic miltiorrhiza Bunge extract and tested its inhibitory effect on melanin formation in B16-F10 melanoma cells. Danshensu suppressed melanin synthesis up to about 50% at a concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/mL$. Siphonostegia chinensis suppressed melanin synthesis up to about 60% at a concentration of $300\;{\mu}g/mL$. The results showed that these extracts could be used as new natural active ingredients for whitening cosmetics.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.812-817
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant activities and the melanin inhibitory effects of Hippophae rhamnoides L. fruit extracts. Two in vitro methods were used; the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method to determine antioxidant activity and measurements of the inhibitory effects of tyrosinase activity to determine melanogenesis in B16/F10 melanoma cells. The radical scavenging activity of the extract was 56.0% at $700{\mu}g/mL$, similar to ascorbic acid (56.9%), in the DPPH assay. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the extract was 52.1% and 73.4% at 100 and $500{\mu}g/mL$, which is also similar to ascorbic acid. In B16/F10 mouse melanoma cells, the extract inhibited melanin synthesis by 56% at $500{\mu}g/mL$, a more prominent inhibition of melanin synthesis compared to extracts from arbutin. These results suggest that extracts from H. rhamnoides L. have antioxidant activity and skin-whitening effects; allowing their application in cosmetics as a natural product.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the whitening effects of hot water (AMPW) and ethanol (AMPE) extracts of Mangifera indica L. peel. To verify the whitening effects, tyrosinase inhibitory activity was measured. 9.51% inhibitory activity, and 35.98% inhibitory activity at 1,000 ㎍/ml. The effects of AMPW and AMPE on cell viability were measured using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay in B16-F10 melanoma cells. Greater than 95% cell viability was observed at 100 ㎍/ml. Thus, subsequent experiments were performed at concentrations less than 100 ㎍/ml. The whitening effects were confirmed by measuring the protein and mRNA expression levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1), and TRP-2, which are factors involved in melanin synthesis. Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results confirmed that 100 ㎍/ml AMPW and AMPE showed superior inhibitory effects than the control treatment (alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone only). Therefore, Mangifera indica L. peel extract had a whitening effect, and thus, has potential as a natural material for use in cosmetics.