• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.37-46
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• 2014

This study investigates the effects of the degree of preparation engaged in the related industry, and the amount of financial support program on R&D performance of technology based startup companies. This study seeks to discover the core variables that impacts most on business performance. However, it should be noted that the validity of such variables and their impacts on business performance can be contentious. The study sets hypothetical variables as following. Intensity of preparation of the startup company, amount of preparation and amount of work experience in related industry are independent variable. The amount of financial support program was selected as a moderating mediating variable. According to the results, the intensity of preparation had a positive relationship with R&D performance, as opposed to work experience of the founder having a negative relationship on R&D performance. The amount of support program had no significant relationship with R&D performance. Furthermore, there are negative modified effect between the amount of support program and work experience. And, there is no relationship modified effect between support program and work experience. Existing policies tend to lean heavily toward young entrepreneurs through support and guidance. The government has placed great emphasis on policies that aim to promote and create jobs for young individuals. The results suggest that the government should review their policies toward young technological entrepreneurs and that these entrepreneurs should prepare thoroughly before launching any startups.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.145-159
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural relationship as to how learning flow and self-directed learning are linked to learning motives and academic self-efficacy in the learning setting of high school students. To accomplish such purpose, based on theoretical backgrounds and preceding research findings evaluation models were put to verification for a valid research model for this study. The initial hypothetical model was that self-directed learning ability would have a direct influence on learning motive, academic efficacy and learning flow, while having an indirect influence on learning flow with learning motive and self-efficacy acting as a mediating variable. But the hypothetical model showed low significance level between self-directed learning and learning motive, and learning motive and learning flow. Therefore, links were adjusted to create the final model within the scope that the adequacy of the model might not be compromised. To verify the model, 900 high school students in Seoul were surveyed and the collected data were statistically analyzed using AMOS v21.0 and SPSS v21.0 But 815 surveys were excluded because they were not sufficiently answered. From the analysis, it was found that self-directed learning and academic efficacy have a direct influence on learning flow while self-directed learning and academic efficacy have an indirect leaning motive and learning flow. This finding means that, in the relationship of self-directed learning and learning flow, learning motive and learning efficacy are positive factors that help high school students experience learning flow. Thus, in order to enhance the experience of self-directed learning ability of high school students, various educational endeavors are needed to draw the experience of learning flow during the regular course of study. In addition, customized educational methods and environments are required to increase academic efficacy of the students.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.422-432
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• 2018

This study is designed to find out the causal relation between social support, career capability, career decision-making self-efficacy and career adaptability for the career interrupted women. For this purposes the scales of social support, career capability, career decision related self efficacy and career adaptability were used. For this study, the questionnaires were distributed from Mar. 2, 2018 to Apr. 6, 2018 to 960 to the career interrupted women who had the experience of getting training at the vocational school, beauty school and women's centers located in Seoul and Gyeonggi area (composed of married women in their 30s and 50s who were receiving the education of beauty care for more than 1-9 months). 920 questionnaires got responded from the women and they were used for the final analysis with Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, exploratory factor analysis, factor analysis, frequency analysis and correlation analysis performed with SPSS program and the structural equation performed with AMOS program. The findings from the analysis are as follows; First, it was found that the structural model between career capability, social support, career decision related self efficacy and career adaptability are proper. Second, the path coefficient of the structural model was found to be statistically significant with respect to all of career capability, social support, career decision related self efficacy and career adaptability. Third, it was found that in the relation between career capability, social support and career adaptability, the career decision related self efficacy has the mediating effect. These results show that if the level of career adaptability is to be enhanced for the caber interrupted women, the career decision related self efficacy can make the critical role in addition to the career capability and social support. So, this study tries to offer the basic data required for the preparation of career and the development of future career for the success of career interrupted women going back to the workplace.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.85-111
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• 2012

Introduction : The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceptual characteristics of consumers and intent of relational continuance for PB(Private Brand) products in discount stores. This study was conducted as an empirical study based on survey. For the empirical study, factors of PB products as characteristics perceived by consumers such as perceived quality, store image, brand image and perceived value were deduced from preceding studies. The effect of such factors on intent of relational continuance mediated by brand trust and brand equity of PB products was structurally examined. Research Model : Based on theory analysis and hypotheses, constructed a Structural Equation Model(SEM). The research model is shown in Figure 1. Research Method : This paper is based on s qualitative study of selected literature and empirical data. The survey for empirical study was carried out on consumers in Gyeonggi and Busan between January 2012 and May 2012. 300 surveys were distributed and 253 (84.3%) of them were returned. After excluding omissions and insincere responses, 245 surveys (81.6%) were used for final analysis as effective samples. Result : First of all, the Reliability was carried out for instrument used. The lower limit of 0.7 for Cronbach's Alpha as suggested by Hair et al. (1998). And Construct validity was established by carrying out exploratory factor analysis by Varimax rotation for all. Four factor result for the consumer's perceptual characteristics of PB Products, two mediating factors and one dependent factor. All constructs included in research framework have acceptable validity and reliability. Table 1 shows the factor loading, eigen value, explained variance and Cronbach's alpha for each factor. In order to assure validity of constructs, I implemented Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), using AMOS 20.0. In confirmatory factor analysis, researcher can take control over the specification of indicators for each factor by hypothesizing that a specific factor is loaded with the relevant indicators. Moreover, CFA is particularly useful in the validation of scale for the measurement of specific construct. CFA result summarized Table 2 shows that the fit measures of all constructs fulfill the recommended level and loadings are significant. To test causal relationship between constructs in the research model, used AMOS 20.0 that provides a graphic module as method for analysing Structural Equation Modeling. The result of hypothesis test is shown in Table 3. As a result of empirical study, perceived quality, brand image and perceived value as selected attributes for PB products showed significantly positive (+) effect on brand trust and brand equity. Furthermore, brand trust and brand equity showed significantly positive (+) effect on intent of relational continuance. However, store image of discount stores selling the PB products was analyzed to have positive (+) effect on brand trust and no significant effect on brand equity. Discussion : Based on the results of this study, the relationship between overall quality, store image, brand image and value perceived by consumers about PB products and intent of relational continuance was structurally verified as being mediated by brand trust and brand equity. Looking at the results, a strategic approach that maximizes brand trust and equity value for PB products by large discount stores is required on top of basic efforts to improve quality, brand image and value of PB products in order to maximize consumer's intent of relational continuance and to continuously attract repeated purchase of products.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.71-99
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• 2010

Most of studies on patriotism in the marketing area have focused on ethnocentric tendencies observed in consumption behaviors. On the contrary, there have been few empirical studies on how patriotism in the general sense, indicating affection for, attachment to, and pride in the country, influences consumers' evaluation of domestic and foreign products. Given the current situation that marketing activities appealing to people's patriotism is increasing, this is somewhat surprising. Thus, this study examined empirically how patriotism influences people's evaluation of domestic and foreign products. In addition, we tested whether consumer ethnocentrism works as an intervening variable in the relation between patriotism and product evaluation. The empirical analysis was conducted through a questionnaire survey of undergraduate and graduate students at universities in Seoul. The survey asked about the respondents' patriotism, consumer ethnocentrism, domestic product evaluation, foreign product evaluation, and demographical characteristics. In foreign product evaluation, the respondents were requested to evaluate Chinese and Japanese products. Email was used to send and recover the questionnaires, and 135 replies were used in the analysis. Major findings from the empirical analysis are as follows. First, a significant relationship was observed between patriotism and domestic product evaluation. That is, patriotic participants evaluated domestic products more favorably. On the other hand, no significant relationship was observed between patriotism and foreign product evaluation(See Table 1-1 and 1-2). Next, the effect of patriotism on domestic product evaluation was mediated by consumer ethnocentrism. However, whether the effect of patriotism on domestic product evaluation is mediated by consumer ethnocentrism partially or fully was different according to product(See Table 2-1 and 2-2). Lastly, we tried to analyze the relation between consumer ethnocentrism and product evaluation and comparing the results with findings of previous researches. According to the results, a significant relationship was observed between consumer ethnocentrism and domestic product evaluation but not between consumer ethnocentrism and foreign product evaluation. The meanings of this study are as follows. First, there have been few marketing studies that investigated the relation between patriotism and product evaluation. Thus, this study is meaningful in that it supplemented the limitation of previous research. Second, consumer ethnocentrism was found to mediate the relation between patriotism and domestic product evaluation. Considering the absence of previous research that examined the role of consumer ethnocentrism as an intervening variable, this study is significant in that it expanded the scope of research on consumer ethnocentrism. Third, from the practical aspect, the results of this study suggest that marketing appealing to patriotism is effective in stimulating consumers' purchase and consumption of domestic products. Accordingly, such a marketing strategy is expected to be effective in protecting domestic markets from imported goods and overseas brands and to increase demands for domestic products and brands. However, there is the question of whether the effect of patriotism based marketing strategies in promoting demand for domestic products would persist. That is, this study could not find a significant relation between patriotism and foreign product evaluation, and this means that the increase in patriotism for the home country does not damage people's view to the quality of foreign products negatively. Accordingly, without change in people's perception of foreign products, it is highly likely that the increase in demand for domestic products or brands induced by patriotism elevated at a specific time or situation may not last long. Fourth, the results of this study suggest that the patriotism level may influence consumers' choice behavior toward retailers strongly connected to a specific country or region. That is, consumers with high level patriotism may hesitate or avoid using a retailer associated with some foreign country. Fifth, according to the results of this study, when people's patriotism is stimulated by a specific social situation or event, it can be an opportunity for domestic franchise brands to increase their market performance such as sales and market share and, at the same time, for foreign franchise brands to experience adversities. Therefore, during a period like the Olympic Games or the World Cup when people's sense of belonging or attachment to their country is heightened, domestic franchise brands need to make marketing activities that may lead market opportunities to substantial results and foreign franchise brands to cope with such adversities. Sixth, consumers' brand choice is often made in retail stores. It has been demonstrated by numerous studies that in store stimuli such as point of purchase display can affect consumers' behavior. Considering this, domestic brands facing competition with foreign brands should make continuous efforts to enhance the market performance of their products through developing in store stimuli that can stimulate consumers' patriotism. Finally, based on the major findings of this study, both academic and practical issues were discussed. Suggestions for future studies were provided.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.551-560
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the parameters in relation to college students' awareness of sexual assault and sexual violence experience. The subjects were 408 male and female college students attending four universities located in Jeju island. Sexual assault awareness measures, sexual violence experience scale, and the scale of sexual violence allowance scale were used in the questionnaires. First, correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between sexual violence awareness and sexual violence. Also, sexual violence awareness and sexual violence allowance scale showed a considerable negative correlation. This suggests that the higher the sexual assault awareness, the lower the sexual damage and sexual violence allowance scale. Second, after analyzing the division of the subject into research model and competition model to verify the mediation effect in relationship of the sexual violence awareness and sexual violence experience, it was clear that sexual awareness does not have a direct effect on the experience of sexual damage. It rather mediated the sexual violence allowance scale. Therefore, the research model, which is the full mediation model, was selected. In other words, sexual assault awareness appeared to fully mediate the relationship between sexual assault awareness and sexual assault experience. This means that sexual assault perception has an indirect influence through sexual assault allowance rather than a direct effect on the sexual assault experience. Thus, the more well established that sexual assault awareness is, the lower the sexual assault allowance scale. Finally, the lowered sexual assault allowance scale could reduce the sexual assault harm. To improve the sexual assault recognition, a systematic sexual violence prevention education should be conducted. Sexual assault prevention education would allow students in dating relationships to become mature in their human rights and maintain the proper emotional relationship and enable a reduction in the harm sexual assault as a result of giving them the consideration. Finally, this study had a limitation in selecting the subjects as the college students living in Jeju. Therefore, in order to compensate for this limitation, follow-up studies should be carried out on with a sample of generalized and various research subjects.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2000

Estrogen can influence on the expression of behaviors not associated directly with reproduction, including learning and memory. Recently estrogen has received considerable attention for its effects on neuroprotection and neural circuits in brain areas associated with cognition. Although estrogen replacement therapy may be helpful to postmenopausal women, it also results in a number of harmful side effects. Ginseng also has steroidal qualities and contains several ginsenoside components which have similar backbone structure to estrogen. The objectives of this experiment were 1) to examine the effects of estrogen and 2) to investigate the effects of ginsenosides as estrogenic agent on learning and memory using the Morris water maze, a traditional experimental task for spatial memory. In the experiments designed here, ovariectomized mice were implanted subcutaneously with Sila, itic capsules containing 17${\beta}$-estradiol (100∼250 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$), panaxadiol (PD) and panaxatriol (PT) saponins (15∼100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$) diluted with sesame oil. In the first set of experiment, the effects of estradiol on learning and memory during the Morris water maze was examined. When estradiol was delivered via Silastic capsules following training improved spatial memory performance in ovariectomized female mice. In the second set of experiment, three different PD and PT saponin concentrations were delivered via Silastic implants to ovariectomized female mice and their effects were compared with estrogenic effects. Results of three separate experiments demonstrated that estradiol, PD and PT administrated by Silastic implants for 2 weeks prior to water maze training significantly improved spatial memory performance compared to ovariectomized (OVX) mice, as indicated by lower escape latency over trial. The positive effect of estradiol suggests that estrogen can affect performance on learning and memory. In addition, the positive effect of PD and PT saponins suggest that ginsenosides have an estrogen-like effects in mediating learning and memory related behavior action.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1134-1146
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• 1998

Background: The tumor suppressor gene p53 is one of the most frequently altered genes in human tumors, including those of the lung. There is now a compelling evidence that wild-type p53 can negatively influence cell growth by causing G1 arrest or by inducing apoptosis. The possibilities of using p53 for gene therapy are also gathering much interest. Material and Method: Our approach towards understanding p53 function would be to study the biological consequences of overexpression of wild-type p53 in normal and tumor cells by using adenovirus vectors capable of giving high levels of the p53 gene product in cells. We have used this vector containing wild-type p53 to infect tumor cells with different p53 status (null, mutant, or wild-type) to confirm that expression of p53 in null or mutant cell lines becomes possible by Adenovirus-p53 transduction, to examine the effects of high levels of p53 expression on the growth properties of tumor cells, to evaluate the role of apoptosis in p53-mediated biological effects, and to examine the effect of Adenovirus-p53 on the tumorigenicities of the lung cancer cell lines in vitro. Result: The results of our study showed that cells expressing endogenous mutant p53 and those devoid of p53 expression altogether were significantly more sensitive to Adenovirus-p53-mediated cytotoxicity compared to tumor cells expressing endogenous wild-type p53 and that overexpression of wild-type p53 induced programmed cell death. Also we knew that Adenovirus-p53 significantly reduced tumor colony formation of human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, and decreased the growth of pre-formed colonies in vitro. Conclusion: These results suggest that adenovirus is an efficient vector for mediating transfer and expression of tumor suppressor genes in human non-small cell lung cancer cells and that the tumor cells null for p53 or expressing mutant p53 readily undergo apoptosis by Adenovirus-p53.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.139-159
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• 1996

This study comparatively examines a causal model of employee attatchment which focuses on employee's organizational commitment and intent to stay with an organization. This study is based on two separate studies of employee attachment among teachers : the U.S. case of the Chicago Public Schools (CPS) and the South Korean case of the Seoul Educational District (SED). The main purpose of this study is to replicate in Korea the CPS study. A revised model based on the unique characteristics of Korean teachers is also developed and estimated. The Price Mueller model of employee attachment provides the basic theoretical framework for this study. It includes five general classes of variables : 1) employee responses to work variables : job satisfaction, commitment, and intent to stay; 2) psychological stress variables: role ambiguity, role conflict, work overload, and quality of students; 3) social structural variables: autonomy, routinization, distributive justice, and legitimacy; 4) economic structural variables: pay, job security, promotional opportunities, and job opportunities; and 5) work orientation variables : career commitment, normative commitment, work motivation, affectivity, work values, and met expectations. The data was collected through questionnaire survey and a sample of 649 secondary school teachers in Seoul, South Korea, was included in the final analysis. Covariance structure analysis (LISREL) was used to estimate the causal model. The results indicate that the endogenous variables of job satisfaction and commitment play a considerably less important role than in the U.S. model in mediating the effects of the exogenous variables on intent to stay, and the model fails to explain the majority of the variance in intent to stay. In addition, the new variables added to the revised Korean model do not bave significant effects on intent to stay. The structural characteristics of the employment relationship and labor markets associated with Korean teachers forced mobility and closed external markets - are largely accountable for the major differences between the Korean and the U.S. cases. The study suggests that conceptual and empirical work on what produces employee attachment under these structural constraints needs to receive more attention in future studies.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.4 s.69
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• pp.611-626
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• 1998

Cytokines are intercellular peptide mediators that regulate homeostasis and host defense reactions in living body. Of the diversity of cytokines in terms of biological accomplishment, interleukin $1-{\beta}$($IL-1{\beta}$) and tumor necrosis factor(TNF) are the most conspicuous cytokines with a wide variety of effects on cells involved in inflammatory and immune responses, and likely to be involved in the inflammatory pathogenesis of oral tissue as well. The present study was designed to explicate the role of $IL-1{\beta}$ on inflammatory revelation of oral tissues in mice biochemically. In the Induced arthritis by injection of 10${\mu}g$ LPS shown the relaese of 0.93 ${\mu}g$ $IL-1{\beta}$/joint with a peak at at 4-5 h. and diminished at 24t and the release of $TNF_{\alpha}$ of 1.25 ${\mu}g$/joint with a peak at 2-3h and diminished at 6h. After injection of th $IL-1{\beta}$ into the joint, the mumber of leucocytes proliferated with a peak at 4-5h and diminished at 36h and the loss of proteoglycan showed with maximum at 15-30h. After injection of $IL-1{\beta}$ into the oral tissue, cycloosygenase metabolites ($PGE_2$) accumulated in the oral tissue with dose dependant. These elucidated $IL-1{\beta}$ to be inflammatory mediator in the early phase of its pathogenesis. Intraoral injection of recombinant $IL-1{\beta}$ induced the proliferation of leukocytes in situ. $IL-1{\beta}$ took an pertinent part in the development of inflammation and the succession of cellular infiltration. The results exemplify that $IL-1{\beta}$ plays a significant role in mediating inflammatory response induced by LPS in oral tissue, the inflammatory response is regulated by $IL-1{\beta}$ at an acute phase of pathogenesis.