• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제48권9호
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• pp.847-855
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• 2010

The grain size of a cross-section of $8{\mu}m$-thick copper film was determined by electron backscatter diffraction analysis. Grain size distribution histogram showed the presence of a large fraction of small-sized grains, and the mean grain size was significantly affected by handling of them. A cut-off grain size, below which all grains are ignored as noise and eliminated for the calculation of the mean value, should be three or four times as large as the step size. Due to the presence of small grains, the linear intercept method derived larger mean grain size, which depends less sensitively on the cut-off grain size than the equivalent circle diameter method.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2011

The fractal method has recently been applied to a model for determining soil grain size distribution. The objective of this study is to review the applicability of the fractal method for a analysis of submarine sedimentary environments by comparing fractal constants with grain size statistical analysis for the soil samples of Pohang (PH) and Namhae (NH). The y-interception of log (grain size)-log (passing) equation was also used because grain size distribution couldn't be expressed with fractal dimension only. The result of comparison between fractal constants (dimension, y-interception) and grain size statistical indices, the fractal dimension was directly proportional to the mean and the sorting. And the y-interception showed high correlation with the mean. The fractal dimension and y-interception didn't show significant correlation with the skewness and the kurtosis. Thus regression equations between fractal constants and two statistical indices (mean, sorting) were derived. All classifications of the mean and the sorting could be determined using the regression equation based on the fractal dimension and y-interception. Therefore, fractal constants could be used as an alternative index representing the sedimentary environments instead of the mean and sorting.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.243-254
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• 2020

Due to the permanent damage to structures during earthquakes, soil liquefaction is an important issue in geotechnical earthquake engineering that needs to be investigated. Typical examples of soil liquefaction have been observed in many earthquakes, particularly in Alaska, Niigata (1964), San Fernando (1971), Loma Prieta (1989), Kobe (1995) and Izmit (1999) earthquakes. In this study, liquefaction behavior of uniform sands of different grain sizes was investigated by using the energy-based method. For this purpose, a total of 36 deformation-controlled tests were conducted on water-saturated samples in undrained conditions by using the cyclic simple shear test method and considering the relative density, effective stress and mean grain size parameters that affect the cumulative liquefaction energy. The results showed that as the mean grain size decreases, the liquefaction potential of the sand increases. In addition, with increasing effective stress and relative density, the resistance of sand against liquefaction decreases. Multiple regression analysis was performed on the test results and separate correlations were proposed for the samples with mean grain size of 0.11-0.26 mm and for the ones with 0.45-0.85 mm. The recommended relationships were compared to the ones existing in the literature and compatible results were obtained.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2006년도 Extended Abstracts of 2006 POWDER METALLURGY World Congress Part 1
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• pp.344-345
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• 2006

The linear intercept (LI) method was used to quantitatively measure the intercepts of WC grains in nano-grained WC-10Co hardmetal. When the surveyed intercept numbers of WC grain exceeded 200, the statistic data for the mean grain size of WC were reproduced. The discriminative minimal grain size of used LI method was 12 nm; the maximum intercept of WC grain was 109 nm; the average intercept of WC grains was 45 nm and the corresponding 3D mean grain size of WC was 70 nm which is agreeable with the XRD outcome.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.114-120
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• 1993

입도분포의 특징분석에 종래의 조직특성치 대신 수치해석적인 분해법의 적용을 시 도하였다. 그 결과 이 방법이 제주해협의 대륙붕 표층퇴적물과 같은 복모드형 입 도분포의 분석에 매우 유용함이 입증 되었다. 복모드형 입도분포 퇴적물은 제주해협 대륙붕에서는 86%의 높은 비율을 점한다. 종래의 입도특성치(평균, 표준편차, 왜도, 첨도)는 복모드형 입도분포에 대해서는 왜곡된 값을 보인다. 따라서 입도분포의 모드 에 대체로 대응되는 정규성분으로 분해해서 각 정규성분의 특성치를 해석함으로써 입 도특성치에서와 같은 특징의 누락이나 왜곡을 피할 수 있다. 제주해협 대륙붕의 167개 퇴적물 입도분포곡선을 비선형 최소자승법을 사용하여 정규성분으로 분해해서 총 387 개의 정규성분을 얻었다. 정규성분의 평균은 1-3 phi 8-9 phi에 집중되는 것이 많다. 이중 조립질 정규성분의 평균치는 복잡하고 특징적인 지리적 분포를 보인다. 이러한 분포는 퇴적물 총층후 분포와 매우 유사하며 해저면의 지질과 지형을 면밀하게 반영하 고 있다. 해저면을 형성하는 퇴적층은 플라이스토세 후기의 해침성 모래층이며 해저지 형은 플라이스토세말 빙하기 저해수면시기의 침식에 의해 형성된 것으로 보인다.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.369-379
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• 2008

A combined stochastic diffusion and mean-field model is developed for a systematic study of the grain growth in a pure single-phase polycrystalline material. A corresponding Fokker-Planck continuity equation is formulated, and the interplay/competition of stochastic and curvature-driven mechanisms is investigated. Finite difference results show that the stochastic diffusion coefficient has a strong effect on the growth of small grains in the early stage in both two-dimensional columnar and three-dimensional grain systems, and the corresponding growth exponents are ~0.33 and ~0.25, respectively. With the increase in grain size, the deterministic curvature-driven mechanism becomes dominant and the growth exponent is close to 0.5. The transition ranges between these two mechanisms are about 2-26 and 2-15 nm with boundary energy of 0.01-1 J $m^{-2}$ in two- and three-dimensional systems, respectively. The grain size distribution of a three-dimensional system changes dramatically with increasing time, while it changes a little in a two-dimensional system. The grain size distribution from the combined model is consistent with experimental data available.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2013

PURPOSE. This study aimed to identify the effects of the sintering conditions of dental zirconia on the grain size and translucency. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Ten specimens of each of two commercial brands of zirconia (Lava and KaVo) were made and sintered under five different conditions. Microwave sintering (MS) and conventional sintering (CS) methods were used to fabricate zirconia specimens. The dwelling time was 20 minutes for MS and 20 minutes, 2, 10, and 40 hours for CS. The density and the grain size of the sintered zirconia blocks were measured. Total transmission measurements were taken using a spectrophotometer. Two-way analysis of variance model was used for the analysis and performed at a type-one error rate of 0.05. RESULTS. There was no significant difference in density between brands and sintering conditions. The mean grain size increased according to sintering conditions as follows: MS-20 min, CS-20 min, CS-2 hr, CS-10 hr, and CS-40 hr for both brands. The mean grain size ranged from 347-1,512 nm for Lava and 373-1,481 nm for KaVo. The mean light transmittance values of Lava and KaVo were 28.39-34.48% and 28.09-30.50%, respectively. CONCLUSION. Different sintering conditions resulted in differences in grain size and light transmittance. To obtain more translucent dental zirconia restorations, shorter sintering times should be considered.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.620-625
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• 1999

A finite element analysis is performed to predict the recrystallized volume fraction and the mean grain size in hot compression of Al-5wt%Mg alloy. In the analysis, a modeling equation of flow stress is assumed as a function of strain, strain rate, and temperature. And the influence of above varibles on flow stress is quantified by using Zener-Hollomon Parameter. In the modeling equation, effects of strain hardening and dynamic recrystallization on microstructure of Al-5wt%Mg alloy are investigated. The predicted results of recrystallized volume fraction and mean grain size are in good agreement with those of microstructures obtained from hot compression tests.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.285-293
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• 2022

PURPOSE. This study evaluated the relationship among translucency, crystalline phase, grain size, and fracture toughness of zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Four commercial zirconia - Prettau^®Anterior^® (PA), Prettau^® (P), InCorisZI (ZI), and InCorisTZI (TZI)- were selected for this study. The bar specimens were prepared to determine fracture toughness by using chevron notched beam method with four-point bending test. The grain size was evaluated by a mean linear intercept method using a scanning electron microscope. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement were performed to evaluate the amount of tetragonal and cubic phases of zirconia. Contrast ratio (CR) was measured to investigate the level of translucency. RESULTS. PA had the lowest fracture toughness among other groups (P < .05). In addition, the mean fracture toughness of P was significantly less than that of ZI, but there was no difference compared with TZI. Regarding grain size measurement, PA had the largest average grain size among the groups. P obtained larger grain size than ZI and TZI (P < .05). However, there was no significant difference between ZI and TZI. Moreover, PA had the lowest CR value compared with the other groups (P < .05). This means PA was the most translucent material in this study. Rietveld refinement found that PA presented the greatest percentage of cubic phase, followed by TZI, ZI, and P, respectively. CONCLUSION. The different approaches are used by manufacturers to fabricate various types of translucent zirconia with different levels of translucency and mechanical properties, which should be concerned for material selection for successful clinical outcome.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.77-88
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• 2010

2010년 봄 서울 지역에서 포집된 황사 및 비황사 시료를 전처리를 달리하여 황사의 입도 특성을 밝혔다. 최소 확산으로 분석된 황사 시료의 평균 입경은 19~56㎛, 비황사 시료는 37~92㎛이다. 이와는 대조적으로 최대 확산으로 분석된 황사와 비황사 시료의 평균 입경은 차이가 작아 각각 13~20㎛, 14~30㎛의 범위이다. 본 연구에서는 황사 발생시 최소 확산의 경우 약 0.5㎛, 1.5㎛ 그리고 8.5㎛, 최대 확산시 0.5㎛와 7.5㎛ 크기의 입자를 중심으로 각각 약 20㎛와 40㎛ 크기의 입자까지 한반도 대기 중에 유입되는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 비황사 시료에 비해 황사 시료가 뢰스 시료와 유사한 입도 특성을 가지며, 공통적으로 중국 등으로부터 원거리 기원지임을 지시한다. 황사와 뢰스층 사이의 입도 특성의 차이는 풍화작용의 기간과 강도에 기인한다.