Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.20.3.243

Investigation of the effect of grain size on liquefaction potential of sands  

Sonmezer, Yetis Bulent (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kirikkale University)
Akyuz, Abdussamed (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kirikkale University)
Kayabali, Kamil (Department of Geology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University)
Publication Information
Geomechanics and Engineering / v.20, no.3, 2020 , pp. 243-254 More about this Journal
Abstract
Due to the permanent damage to structures during earthquakes, soil liquefaction is an important issue in geotechnical earthquake engineering that needs to be investigated. Typical examples of soil liquefaction have been observed in many earthquakes, particularly in Alaska, Niigata (1964), San Fernando (1971), Loma Prieta (1989), Kobe (1995) and Izmit (1999) earthquakes. In this study, liquefaction behavior of uniform sands of different grain sizes was investigated by using the energy-based method. For this purpose, a total of 36 deformation-controlled tests were conducted on water-saturated samples in undrained conditions by using the cyclic simple shear test method and considering the relative density, effective stress and mean grain size parameters that affect the cumulative liquefaction energy. The results showed that as the mean grain size decreases, the liquefaction potential of the sand increases. In addition, with increasing effective stress and relative density, the resistance of sand against liquefaction decreases. Multiple regression analysis was performed on the test results and separate correlations were proposed for the samples with mean grain size of 0.11-0.26 mm and for the ones with 0.45-0.85 mm. The recommended relationships were compared to the ones existing in the literature and compatible results were obtained.
Keywords
liquefaction; liquefaction energy; cyclic simple shear test; sand; mean grain size; effective stress; relative density;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Kokusho, T. (2013), "Liquefaction potential evaluation: Energy-based method comparedto stress-based method", Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A., April-May.
2 Kokusho, T. (2013), "Liquefaction potential evaluations: Energy based method versus stress-based method", Can. Geotech. J., 50(10), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0456.   DOI
3 Krim, A., Arab, A., Chemam, M., Brahimb, A., Sadek, M. and Shahrour, I. (2019), "Experimental study on the liquefaction resistance of sand-clay mixtures: Effect of clay content and grading characteristics", Mar. Georesou. Geotechnol., 37(2), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2017.1407974.   DOI
4 Kusky, P.J. (1996), "Influence of loading rate on the unit energy required for liquefaction", M.Sc Thesis, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
5 Law, K.T., Cao, Y.L. and He, G.N. (1990), "An energy approach for assessing seismic liquefaction potential", Can. Geotech. J., 27(3), 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1139/t90-043.
6 Liang, L. (1995), "Development of an energy method for evaluating the liquefaction potential of a soil deposit", Ph.D. Dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
7 Monkul, M.M. and Yamamuro, J.A. (2011), "Influence of silt size and content on liquefaction behavior of sands", Can. Geotech. J., 48(6), 931-942. https://doi.org/10.1139/t11-001.   DOI
8 Monkul, M.M., Etminan, E. and Senol, A. (2016), "Infleunce of coefficient of uniformity and base sand gradation on static liquefaction of loose sand with silt", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 89, 185-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.08.001.   DOI
9 Movahed, V., Sharafi, H., Baziar, M.H. and Shahnazari, H. (2011), "Comparison of strain controlled and stress controlled tests in evaluation of fines content effect on liquefaction of sands-An energy approach", Proceedings of the Geo-Frontiers Congress 2011, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A., March.
10 Nemat-Nasser, S. and Shokooh, A. (1979), "A unified approach to densification and liquefaction of cohesionless sand in cyclic shearing", Can. Geotech. J., 16(4), 659-678. https://doi.org/10.1139/t79-076.   DOI
11 Okada, N. and Nemat-Nasser, S. (1994), "Energy dissipation in inelastic flow of saturated cohesionless granular media", Geotechnique, 44(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1994.44.1.1.   DOI
12 Ostadan, F., Deng, N. and Arango, I. (1996), "Energy-based method for liquefaction potential evaluation", Phase I. feasibility study, U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A.
13 Silver, L.M. and Park, T.K. (1976), "Liquefaction potential rvaluated from cyclic strain-controlled properties tests on sands", Soils Found., 16(3), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.16.3_51.   DOI
14 Walker, B.P. and Whitaker, T. (1967), "An apparatus for forming beds of sands for model foundation tests", Geotechnique, 17(2), 161-167. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1967.17.2.161.   DOI
15 Taiba, A.C., Belkhatir, M., Kadri, A., Mahmoudi, Y. and Schanz, T. (2016), "Insight into the effect of granulometric characteristics on the static liquefaction susceptibility of silty sand soils", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 34(1), 367-382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-015-9951-z.   DOI
16 Alavi, A.H. and Gandomi, A.H. (2012), "Energy-based numerical models for assessment of soil liquefaction", Geosci. Front., 3(4), 541-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2011.12.008.   DOI
17 ASTM D4253-16 (2018), Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International.
18 ASTM D4254-16 (2018), Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International.
19 Talaganov, K.V. (1996), "Stress-strain transformation and liquefaction of sand", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 15(7), 411-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/0267-7261(96)00024-3.   DOI
20 Vaid, Y.P., Fisher, J.M., and Kuerbis, R.H. (1990), "Particle gradation and liquefaction", J. Geotech. Eng., 116(4), 698-703. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1990)116:4(698).   DOI
21 Wijewichreme, D. Sriskandakumar, S. and Byrne, P.M. (2005), "Cyclic loading response of loose air-pluviated Fraser River sand for validation of numerical models simulating centrifuge tests", Can. Geotech. J., 42(2), 550-561. https://doi.org/10.1139/t04-119.   DOI
22 Ye, Y. (2017), Marine Geo Hazards in China, 1st Edition, Elsevier.
23 Zaheer, A.A., Kamran, A. and Naeem, A.M. (2013), "Liquefaction potential of silty sand in simple shear", Mehran Univ. Res. J. Eng. Technol., 32(1), 85-94.
24 Sonmezer, Y.B. (2019), "Energy-based evaluation of liquefaction potential of uniform sands", Geomech. Eng., 17(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.17.2.145.   DOI
25 Carraro, J.A.H., Prezzi, M. and Salgado, R. (2009), "Shear strength and stiffnessof sands containing plastic or nonplastic fines", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 135(9), 1167-1178. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:9(1167).   DOI
26 ASTM D854-14(2018), Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International.
27 Aydan, O., Ulusay, R. and Atak, V.O. (2008), "Evaluation of ground deformations induced by the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake (Turkey) at selected sites on shorelines", Environ. Geol., 54(1), 165-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0803-x.   DOI
28 Baziar, M.H. and Jafarian, Y. (2007), "Assessment of liquefaction triggering using strain energy concept and ANN model capacity energy", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 27(12), 1056-1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2007.03.007.   DOI
29 Baziar, M.H. Jafarian, Y. Shahnazari, H. Movahed, V. and Tutunchian, M.A. (2011), "Predictionof strain energy-based liquefaction resistance of sand-silt mixtures: An evolutionary approach", Comput. Geosci., 37(11), 1883-1893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2011.04.008.   DOI
30 Belkhatir, M., Schanz, T., Arab, A., Della, N. and Kadri, A. (2014), "Insight into the effects of gradation on the pore pressure generation of sand-silt mixtures", Geotech. Test. J., 37(5), 922-931. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20130051.   DOI
31 Chang, N.Y., Yey, S.T. and Kaufman, L.P. (1982), "Liquefaction potential of clean and silty sand", Proceedings of the 3rd International Earthquake Microzonation Conference, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., June-July.
32 Figueroa, J., Saada, A., Liang, L. and Dahisaria, N. (1994), "Evaluation of soil liquefaction by energy principles", J. Geotech. Eng., 120(9), 1554-1569. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:9(1554).   DOI
33 Choobbasti, J.A., Ghalandarzadeh, A. and Esmaeili, M. (2013), "Experimental study of the grading characteristic effect on the liquefaction resistance of various graded sands and gravelly sands", Arab. J. Geosci., 7(7), 2739-2748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-0886-5.   DOI
34 DeAlba, P., Seed, H.B. and Chan, C.K. (1976), "Sand liquefaction in large-scale simple shear tests", J. Geotech. Eng. Div., 102(GT9), 909-927.   DOI
35 Dief, H.M. and Figueroa, J.L. (2001), "Liquefaction assessment by the energy method through centrifuge modeling", Proceedings of the NSF International Workshop on Earthquake Simulation in Geotechnical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A., July.
36 Dief, H.M., Figueroa, J.L. and Saada, A.S. (2001). "Validation of the energy-based method for evaluating soil liquefaction in centrifuge", Proceedings of the International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics.
37 Dobry, R., Ladd, R., Yokel, F., Chung, R. and Powell D. (1982), "Prediction of pore water pressure buildup and liquefaction of sands during earthquakes by the cyclic strain method", National Bureau of Standards Building Science Series 138, US Department of Commerce, U.S.A.
38 GDS (2006), Equipment User Manual, GDS Corporation, U.K.
39 GDS (2006), Equipment User Manual, GDS Corporation, U.K.
40 Green, R.A. (2001), "Energy-based evaluation and remediation of liquefiable soils", Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.A.
41 Hakam A. (2016), "Laboratory liquefaction test of sand based on grain size and relative density", J. Eng. Techol. Sci., 48(3), 334-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614%2Fj.eng.technol.sci.2016.48.3.7   DOI
42 Hardin, B.O. and Drnevich, V.P. (1972), "Shear modulus and damping of soils, measurement and parameter effects", J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 98(6), 603-624.   DOI
43 Hazirbaba, K. and Rathje, E.M. (2009), "Pore pressure generation of silty sands due to induced cyclic shear strains", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 135(12), 1892-1905. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000147.   DOI
44 Jafarian, Y., Towhata, I., Baziar M.H., Noorzad A. and Bahmanpour, A. (2012), "Strain energy-based evaluation of liquefaction and residual pore water pressure in sands using cyclic torsional shear experiments", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 35, 13-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.11.006.   DOI
45 Hazout, L., Zitouni, Z.E., Belkhatir, M. and Schanz T. (2017), "Evaluation of static liquefaction characteristics of saturated loose sand through the mean grain size and extreme grain sizes", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 35(5), 2079-2105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0230-z.   DOI
46 Ishihara, K. (1985), "Stability of natural deposits during earthquakes", Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, San Francisco, California, U.S.A., August.