• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.65 no.3
• /
• pp.47-61
• /
• 2015

Dress functions as a clear boundary between gender differences In the past. However dress in the 21st century, due to movement of feminism during the 1960's, advance of mass media and the influence of postmodernism, the boundary of gender differences has been blurred. Especially in men's fashion, where there was no little changes in traditional menswear, it is noteworthy that there appears some changes. The research about gender has developed to queer theory, subjected on gender itself, founded on the gender diversity. The purpose of the study is to conduct the implied meanings of dress in contemporary society, when gender diversity has been expressed in men's fashion, and to review the characteristics of contemporary men's fashion through the collections and advertisements of post 2000's as well as internet sites. This research is based on theory of Judith Butler, which is on the center of feminism and queer theory. Homosexual expressions which are presented in male clothing and advertisement produce rejection of the dichotomous view of gender concept and allowing of individual gender identity expression.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• no.16
• /
• pp.3-9
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this research is to empirically validate the IIPS (Interior Image Preference Scale) which is a newly developed visual instrument for evaluating the environmental disposition inherent to individuals especially one's interior image preferences. The questionnaire survey was used. The data were collected from Oct. 10th 1997 to Nov. 14th 1997. The subjects were 399 undergraduate students and 30 professor of Dep. of Interior Design. With respect to content validity and construct validity of IIPS discrimination and similarity structure of scales and characteristics of 12 prototype interior images were examined in comparison with the originals. 429 questionnaires were analyzed using frequency percentage mean and Multi-Dimensional Scales. The major results were as follows (1) All 80 items of IIPS were discriminated by 3 criteria such as Traditionalism·Modernity(TM) Masculinity·Femininty (MF) and Simplicity·Complexity (SC) as expected at the time of the instrument development stage.(2) 12 prototype interior images of the IIPS showed tendency to be accord with descriptors to express them in comparison with the originals (3) All 90 items of IIPS showed a cluster distribution according to the similarity structure of scales. Three subscales of IIPS(e . g. TM MF and SC) were structured pretty well by those 3 dimensions. This research revealed the IIPS to have content validity and construct validity for evaluating of preference of three properties of interior image in empirical research. The IIPS was found to be potential objective tool to measure the interior image preferences.

• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.73-80
• /
• 2009

Purpose: This study was to survey the university student's sex role identity type, sexual consciousness, sexual behaviors, and sexual impulse. Method: The subjects were 332 university students who were eligible and agreed to participate in this study. Data were collected from May 22 to June 9, 2007. Result: Difference of sex role identity type by gender was that the androgyny was the most prevalent. There was a difference in sex role identity type which was classified by gender. Boy students were high in undifferentiation, where as girl students were high in androgyny. In difference of sexual consciousness and sexual behaviors and sexual impulse by gender, it showed that boy students were higher girl students. Difference of sexual consciousness by sex role identity type was high in masculinity. Difference of sexual behaviors and sexual impulse by sex role identity type was high in undifferentiation. Conclusion: To improve positively the attitudes to sexuality of students who have had undifferentiation type, it need to provide various sexual education and sexual counselling.

• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.309-318
• /
• 2003

Purpose : This investigation was carried out to understand how various gender role identity in adolescence affect sexual intercourse. In addition, it was done to support and encourage gender role identity which can protect themselves from physical, psychological, social sexuality. Method : From 2003 7.1 to 7.19, questionnaire made by Lee BS(2002) was distributed to 1172 girl high school students in Seoul. Its reliability was as high as 0.80 and it was analysed by SPSS. Result : In the 3 kinds of gender role identity, girls who had sexual relations showed higher feminity and masculinity and did not show any difference in social desirability. in the 4 kinds of gender role identity, girls with sexual experience showed higher frequency in oder of androgyny and undifferentiated. In 8kinds, bisexuality was higher and girls with experience showed undifferentiated of low social desirability. There were no difference between the gender role identity and the age of the first sexual experience. The factors that affected gender role identity were school, grade, economic standard and whether they have a girlfriend or boyfriend. Conclusion : Programs that focus on problem solving of sexual education for androgyny of sexually high experienced and undifferentiated of low social desirability, should be provided.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.223-233
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the specific types and characteristics of gender role identity in view of male nursing students. Method: Q-methodology, a technique for extracting subjective opinions, was used. Forty participants completed the Q-sort activity, rating each statement relative to the others. The Q sample has two categories, representing masculinity and femininity, and each category has 20 statements, resulting in 40 adjectives. The collected data were analyzed by QUANL PC program. Results: Three types of gender role identity of male nursing students were identified: 'Taciturn warmth type', 'assertive power type', 'empathic warmth type'. Despite the differences among the types in this research, male nursing students are likely to have the understanding and keep faith. Conclusion: Male nursing students were exposed to many problems because of the gendered culture of nursing education. To understand the male nursing students' gender role identity will help to promote adaptation in nursing field.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.135-145
• /
• 1999

Little is known about the relationship between fathers and their preadolescent children in Korea or about variations in fathering by SES and sex role orientation. The purpose of this exploratory research was to examine variation in contemporary Korean fathering (e.g., warmth of fathering, frequency of father involvement, and task share of father involvement) and its influence on children's sex role development. One hundred and twenty-nine fathers, mothers, and their 11-13-year-old children completed standardized survey questionnaires addressing their childrearing practices, parental role involvement, spousal support, and sex role orientations. Data were analyzed using MANOVAs, t-test, correlational analyses, and multiple regression analyses. Mothers reported more warmth in parenting than did fathers. Regardless of sex of child middle class fathers reported more warmth than lower class fathers and lower frequency of task share than lower class fathers. Regardless of SES, fathers with working wives reported higher levels of task share of involvement relative to their spouse. Fathers who were more frequently involved with their children tended to receive greater support from their wives for paternal involvement. There were no differences in parenting by sex of child nor was fathering associated with children's sex role orientation. Girls' femininity was related to fathers' masculinity. SES, maternal support, fathers' femininity, parents' education level, and maternal work status had predictive ability for the ecological view that fathering is a dynamic process predicted by personal characteristics as well as contextual factors.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.82-97
• /
• 2014

Objectives The purpose of this study was to survey the Personality and Ordinary Symptoms of Soyangin and to compare the tendency of their personality and symptoms according to Soyangin's major prescription. Methods 331 Soyangin's personality and ordinary symptoms data registered to SCIB(Sasang Constitutional Information Bank) were used. All data were analyzed with Chi square test. Some data were ranked and analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test(with Bonferroni correction). Chi square and Kruskal-Wallis test's significant P value was 0.05. Mann-Whitney test's significant P value was 0.005. Results & Conclusions In Chi square test, there is difference in personality and symptoms in Soyangin's major prescription as followed, the degree of masculinity and femininity, the degree of patience, the condition of stool, the degree of appetite, good or bad in digesting, amount of meal, the speed of eating, amount of drinking water, the temperature of drinking water, coldness and hotness in abdomen or not. In Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test, Yanggyuksanhwa-tang is more masculine than Dokhwaljihwang-tang, Hyeongbangsabaek-san, Hyeongbangjihwangtang. Dokhwaljihwang-tang is less appetite than Yanggyuksanhwa-tang and Hyeongbangsabaek-san. Yanggyuksanhwa- tang is more fast in eating than Hyeongbangjihwang-tang.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.91-102
• /
• 2010

This study conducted a survey with 300 male respondents in their 20s to 50s, in order to examine the influence of personal variables, identity of gender roles, self-esteem and social-cultural attitude towards appearance on metro-sexual consumption. The findings are as follows: First, the majority of respondents experienced metro-sexual consumption in passive ways, such as purchasing cosmetics or perfume. Second, self-esteem differed by classification of identity of gender roles and the self-esteem was the most highly rated in non-classified, followed by in femininity, masculinity and androgyny. On the other hand, the non-classified group appeared to have the most highly social and cultural attitude toward appearance. Lastly, when examining the effect of personal variables, identity of gender roles, self- esteem and social-cultural attitude toward appearance on metro-sexual consumption, the results showed that the younger respondents who spend the highest monthly expenses on appearance, belong to the androgynous group and have the social-cultural attitude, are more likely to have a greater tendency towards metro-sexual consumption.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.1003-1012
• /
• 2007

Purpose: The role of sex role identity types and health promoting behaviors in relation to premenstrual symptoms and interrelatedness among the three variables were examined. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was employed with 327 female university students. KSRI, HPLP, and MDQ were used as measurement tools. Results: Four types of sex role identities were classified; undifferentiated(33.7%), androgyny (32.7%), masculinity(16.8%), and femininity(16.8%) in order. Premenstrual symptoms(F=3.11, p= .027) and health promoting behaviors(F=12.74, p= .000) were significantly different by sex role identity types. As determinants of premenstrual symptoms, health promoting behaviors for all subjects, stress coping for the feminine type, and interpersonal relationships for the undifferentiated type were identified. In discriminating between the feminine type and undifferentiated type, premenstrual symptoms and self responsibility were shown as significant factors. Conclusion: Interrelatedness among sex role identity, health promoting behaviors and premenstrual symptoms imply the importance of a psychosocial aspect in premenstrual symptoms. Therefore, these three variables should be applied more specifically for nursing assessment and management of women having premenstrual symptoms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.30 no.9_10 s.157
• /
• pp.1476-1484
• /
• 2006

This study is on the esthetic characteristics of Tuxedo-Look in the modern women fashion from 1990s to the present. It could contribute to understand the aspects and the sense of beauty of the modern fashion. This study is performed by reviewing the precedent studies, related literature and deploying fashion portfolios, domestic and international fashion magazines for the exploratory study. The results of the study are the following. First, Tuxedo-Look expresses the androgenous image which weakens the superficial message of masculinity or femininity and produces the unified image of men and women. Tuxedo-Look, a symbolic male dress item, is brought in the women clothes and it is recreated by design modification, new wearing style, and producing effects. Second, Tuxedo-Look emphasizes femininity by using a exposure and body line stressed design and matching the women dress items with various materials and colors or tuxedo. Third, Tuxedo-Look suggests a dismantling point of view such as exaggeration, distortion, secession, and breaking from the convention. Tuxedo-Look expresses uncertain value by breaking up the symbolic valueby coordinating with casual items and denies formal construct of tuxedo such as perfect balance, symmetrical silhouette, formality, totality.