• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2010

Irrigation management methods controlled by integrated solar radiation (ISR) or drainage level sensor were evaluated in rockwool or coir bag culture as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production system. Substrate water content and drainage percentage were more stable in the drainage level sensor method than in the ISR method regardless of substrate type. Total yield and marketable yield were high in the drainage level sensor method, but not between substrates in the same irrigation management method. Sugar content was affected more by the substrate type than irrigation method. The drainage level sensor method was elucidated to be better than the ISR method regardless of substrate type.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.507-513
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of mulching material and planting density on growth and bulb development of shallot. The transparent PE film was better than black PE film as a mulching material for the overwintering shallot crop. Transparent PE film mulching promoted plant growth and increased marketable yield by 21% as compared with that of the black PE film-mulched crop. However, the bulb size was not significantly affected by the type of mulching film. The height and width of ridge and planting density significantly affected the growth and bulb yield of the moisture sensitive shallot. Bulb yield of the shallot planted in five rows in 120 cm wide ridges (20,833 plants per 10 a) was 1,332 kg per 10 a, which was 1.7 times as high as that by the crop grown in three rows in 120 cm wide ridges (12,500 plants per 10 a). In conclusion, the shallot crop is recommended to be cultivated in five rows in 120 cm ridges mulched with the transparent PE film.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.325-333
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• 2015

The ventilation systems composed three types of side vent (roll-up) 'SV', side vent+roof vent 'SV+RV', and side vent+roof fan 'SV+RF' with 7.5 m spacing, with specific set point temperatures for ventilation: SV ($35^{\circ}C$ open / $33^{\circ}C$ close), SV+RV or SV+RH ($35^{\circ}C$ open/$33^{\circ}C$ close for root ventilation and $37^{\circ}C$ open / $35^{\circ}C$ close for side vent). In the treatment of SV+RV, although the average daily maximum temperature inside the greenhouse temporarily increased by $38-40^{\circ}C$, thermal stress by high temperature did not occur and the disease incidence (%) of powdery mildew and downy mildew on the oriental melon were 25 - 75% lower than in the conventional SV treatment. In the SV treatment, the disease incidence (%) of powdery mildew and downy mildew were 1.4 - 7.7% and 4.2 - 15.9% for 'Deabakkul', and 20.3 - 22.8% and 2.8 - 11.3%, for 'Ildeungkkul'. The yield for one month was higher in the treatment of SV+RV than those in other treatments, with values of 2,105 kg/10a for 'Deabakkul' and 2,537 kg/10a for 'Ildeungkkul'. The simultaneous treatment with side vent and roof vent resulted in 16.2% higher yield (18.1% higher marketable yield) than that in the SV treatment for 'Deabakkul'.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.541-545
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• 2015

This study investigated the effect of planting density on growth and yield of elephant garlic. Three planting densities of 20 × 20, 20 × 15, and 20 × 10 ㎝ were tested with the furrow width fixed at 120 ㎝ for the evaluation of elephant galic growth and yield. The average date of emergence was middle and late November, requiring about 30 days for the all emergence. For the flowering, 221 days after sowing were required in all the treatments. Plant height and leaf growth were not significantly different according to the planting density. Flower stalk was shorter when planting density was narrow. The L/D ratio was decreased to form oval shape when planting density was narrow. The yield of elephant garlic was 1,811 ㎏ /10a in planting density 20 × 20 ㎝, 2,375 ㎏/10a in 20 × 15 ㎝, and 2,838 ㎏/10a in 20 × 10 ㎝ plot. The marketable garlic ratio was highest as 1,593 ㎏/10a in planting density of 20 × 15 ㎝.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2012

A two year study was conducted on the effects of composted pig manure applications on organically managed intermediate-day onion ($Allium$ $cepa$ L.) with mid-season production. The manure application rates were 0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 $ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, and accompanied by organic fertilizer with 240 $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ nitrogen for all treatments. There was a positive linear effect on the marketable bulb yield with increasing applications of pig manure. However, pig manure rates of 6.0 or 8.0 $ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ did not affect the marketable yields or bulb weights at harvest. There was no significant difference between pig manure application rates and mineral concentration or nutrient uptake in onion bulbs. Soil pH and electric conductivity (EC) were lower at harvest compared to preplant soil, while exchangeable potassium and calcium contents increased at harvest. However, there were no significant effects on soil pH, EC, and organic matter or exchangeable cations caused by different pig manure application rates. Mineralized $NO_3$-N content was not affected by pig manure application rates except at transplanting and 129 day after transplanting. Based on the results of this study, when organic fertilizer is applied at a rate of 240 $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ N, 6.0 $ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ composted pig manure should be adequate for producing onions using an organic production system.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 2013

In this study, the availability of slurry composting and biofiltration (SCB) solution as an alternative for synthetic nutrient solution was determined by monitoring the growth, fruit yield, and fruit quality of cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Unicon'). Treatments for nutrient solution were consist of SCB 1/2N, 1N, 2N, and commercial nutrient solution 1N (CNS 1N) based on nitrogen concentration (218.32 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) of cherry tomato nutrient solution (control 1N). All nutrient solution including SCB solution (440~520 mL per day) was supplied to rock wool medium using a timer. After 31 days of transplanting, fresh and dry weights of shoots, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, SPAD value and number of node were measured. After measuring growth characteristics of tomato plants, total fruit yield, ratio of marketable fruit yield, fruit weight, total soluble solids content, total acidity, total phenolic concentration, and antioxidant capacity were determined once a week for 7 weeks. As a result, among the SCB treatments, SCB 1/2N was similar to control 1N and CNS 1N in terms of fresh and dry weights of shoots, leaf area, stem diameter, number of node, and SPAD value. Increased N concentration of SCB inhibited the growth of tomato plants. Total fruit yield of SCB 1/2N was 47% of that of control 1N which showed the best result. Percentage of marketable fruit yield in SCB 1/2N was about 58%. Soluble solids contents, total acidity, total phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity was the highest in SCB 2N and the other treatments were not shown any difference. Blossom-end rot rarely occurred in control 1N and CNS 1N while SCB treatments without Ca induced the physiological disorder of 7~19%. In conclusion, SCB 1/2N was good for the vegetative growth of cherry tomato plants but reduced yield and quality of fruit compared with control 1N and CNS 1N. Thus, it is possible to apply SCB solution to grow cherry tomato plants hydroponically but in the consideration of fruits yield and quality additional supply of several minerals would be required.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.881-887
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• 2011

Feathers are one of the integument appendages that form the outer covering, or plumage, on birds. The goslings hatch with a downy coat of feathers formed in embryonic development. They moult the natal plumage into juvenile feathers between 3-5 weeks of age and than moult that juvenile plumage into adult plumage between 8-11 weeks of age. Feather weight of an adult goose makes up about 6.2% of its total body weight. Heritability of the feather production ability is relatively low ($h^2$ = 0.35). Within species or genotype, the quantity and composition of the plumage are affected by genetics (age, body weight or body surface area, feathering rate, sex) and environmental factors (nutrition and production system, weather, microclimate). After slaughter some 90-220 g marketable feathers can be obtained per goose. The yield of feathers and down from each hand-harvesting amounts to between 80 to 120 g per goose, depending upon the frequency and degree of completeness of the harvesting.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.157-176
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• 2009

This study analyzed the information factors which determine cash liquidity in Korean export-oriented companies. In this paper, cash liquidity means the ratio of the value of cash or cash equivalent to the asset value subtracted marketable securities value from total asset value. The empirical test shows that main information factors are the size of company, the growth opportunity of company, the volatility of operating cash flows and free cash flows, the credit yield spread of company, the debt ratio, the turnover ratio of cash flows and free cash flows, and the estimate of bankruptcy that amounts to the inverse number of Z score. In summary, the size of company, debt ratio, turnover ratio of cash flows and free cash flows, and Z-score have negative influence on the cash liquidity of Korean export-oriented companies. but the volatility of operating cash flows affect the cash liquidity positively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.181-187
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• 2002

The overall objective of this study was to improve tomato fruit quality, while maximizing yield. The variety of 'Momotaro' was grown in the basic nutrient solution of 1.6 dS.m$^{[-10]}$ which was supplemented by three levels of seawater with EC 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 dS.m$^{[-10]}$ . Tomato plants were cultivated in cool seasons. Plant growth characteristics were compared between treatments, and fruits were classified to analyse fruit quality characteristics according to ripening stages： MG, Br, Br＋3, Br＋5, Br＋7 and Br＋10. Adding seawater generally did not affect the shoot growth parameters such as plant height, leaf length, leaf width, internode length and chlorophyll content. Adding seawater negatively affected yield parameters such as the height and weight of fruit, marketable fruit weight per plant and marketable fruit yield. Therefore, the more yield reduction was obtained with the increasing level of seawater treatment. Fruit quality was improved by seawater treatment. The degree of the effect for $^{\circ}$Bx degree and sugars were the highest with the EC of seawater 2.0~3.0 dS.m$^{[-10]}$ , and at the Br＋5~Br＋7 of ripening stages. The relative abundance of tomato flavor, volatile components, was not generally affected by the seawater treatment with an exception of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. The relative abundance of most volatile components increased as ripening progressed. The increment began at the Br stage and showed the highest increment at the Br＋5~Br＋7 stages. The results from these experiments suggest that seawater treatment of EC 3.6 dS.m$^{[-10]}$ for hydroponics is good for improving tomato quality. Fruit quality is the best at the Br＋5~Br＋7 ripening stages. It is considered that these results may be applied far use in hydroponic culture to improve fruit quality with minimum yield reduction.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of transplanting methods on the growth and yield of paprika (Capsicumannuum L. 'Veyron' and 'Coletti') in coir culture during two seasons. The summer type sowed in late winter and harvested from summer and the winter type sowed in summer and harvested from early winter. Control plants grown on the 10cm rockwool block were transplanted on coir slab when the 8 leaves of seedlings were emerged, while plants of the young seedling transplanting(YST) grown on the 7cm rockwool block was put on the slab at time of 2-3 leaves developed. Plants of the temporary transplanting(TT) on the 10cm rockwool block were moved on the slab after 2-3 weeks underpinning cultivation, while plants of the blockless transplanting(BT) were directly transplanted in the slab when the seedlings have 2-3 leaves emerged. The plant height of the control and BT treatment were longer while that of TT showed the shortest among treatments. The bigger leaf size was observed in the YST and BT treatment. Leaf number of the BT treatment was increased, while that of TT was the lowest. There were no differences in fruit size, locules and thickness among treatments. The lower fruit weight was observed in the TT of the winter culture and fruits in the control and YST of the summer culture showed higher fruit weight. The percentage of marketable fruit appeared to be slightly higher in the winter culture than in the summer culture. There were no differences in marketable fruit rate among the treatments of the winter culture but, among the summer culture, the highest marketable fruit rate was observed in the BT with 93%. The yield of the YST and BT was higher and that of the TT was the lowest.