• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.711-723
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• 2021

During the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing affected daily life and leisure activities, including forest recreational activities. This study identified changes in people's participation in forest recreational activities and factors affecting their participation. It collected data from 1,000 samples through an online survey and analyzed it using a binary logit model with interaction terms. It was observed that there were decreases in the participation in visits to urban parks and green areas, outdoor activities in forests and mountains, and trips to mountain villages after the COVID-19 outbreak. People in their 40s, 50s, and 60s were more likely to decrease their participation in all kinds of forest recreational activities than those in their 20s. Moreover, higher household income earners were more likely to decrease their involvement in outdoor activities in forests and mountains. With respect to the place of residence, the residents in the Seoul metropolitan area were less likely to decrease their participation in trips to mountain villages than those outside this area. Thus, this study suggests that online forest recreation information services and forest management are needed to meet the demands of forest recreation for young generations and diversify the function of forests and rural areas as a safe leisurely space.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.60-70
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• 2019

Today, Deoksugung Doldam-gil, which is a well-known area in Seoul, has become a mixed place as many places reaching a critical age have been converted into parks. However, the previous research on the Deoksugung Doldam-gil was deficient in that the user, an essential variable, was not considered when assessing the place. Based on that, this study aims to analyze and interpret the perception of the places in Deoksugung Doldam-gil and to analyze factors to further enrich the place to visitors. According to the research, the representative idea of Deoksugung Doldam-gil is "the distance you want to go" and that has influencing factors, such as vehicle restrictions and the improvement of the walking environment. The analysis of classifying the variables that make up the perception of the place, physical environments, activities and meanings showed high awareness in, "streets of green (3.95)" and "stone walls of curves (3.88)." In the category of activities, "walking activities in the inner city (4.01)" and "love and romance (3.57)" were high. These results seem to reflect the spatial characteristics of the streets and the familiar image of the place were important. Five factors were extracted from the factor analysis to provide a more detailed understanding of the place perception, the correlation between each factor, and the place atmosphere of Deoksugung Doldam-gil. These factors confirmed a high correlation between 'green landscape' and 'historicity.' This can be attributed to the fact that the analysis reflects vital space, visual experience, and free walking conditions to be important, and these variables are present in urban parks. It also indicates the long-accumulated image and behavior near the site of Deoksugung Palace, including the historical and cultural heritage. It was confirmed that the factors related to the cognitive perception of Deoksugung Doldam-gil and the formation of the atmosphere of the place were strongly recognized. It found that there was a need to reflect the value and importance of 'green' in the future as culture or in the use of preservation and management related to heritage. This study presented a direction to be noted from the perspective of a user's place awareness, but considered only a fraction of the variables that affect the multidimensional sense of place and location recognition, and thus must be supplemented in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.36-50
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• 2012

This study was carried out to find contradiction factors on laws for children's activity spaces and facilities and to suggest the rational options to control and manage those spaces and facilities by environmental and landscape planning methods. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The major laws related to the environmental safety for children's activity spaces are "Environmental Health Act (ERA)" for managing the environmental safety of children's activity spaces; "Safety Supervision Law of Children's Play Facilities(SSLCPF)" for the inspection and management for safety of children's play facilities; "Quality Management and Industrial Products Safety Management Law(QMIPSML)" for managing safety certification on children's play equipments. 2. The interior space such as "living room" by the Children's Welfare Law(CWL), "Children Park" by the Act on Urban Parks and Green Spaces(AUPGS), "classroom" on private educational institutes by the Act on Establishment and Operation Private Lesson and Training(AEOPLT) and "nursing room" of child care center smaller than $430m^2$ are needed to be managed as an activity space. 3. In order to reduce industrial burden in the production, establishment, construction, and operation and to minimize unwilling extra burden in the administration effort due to legally double regulate, it is necessary to mitigate the inspections on the equipment certificate from QMIPSML and overlapped or different factors and standards must be unified. With this study, the landscape domain could he enlarged from producing, import of play equipment and establishment, construction and operation of play facilities for a comprehensive range of activity spaces, and the landscape industry such as engineering industry, academic research, management, etc.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.323-331
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• 2018

This study was conducted to examine the effects of constructing streetside urban forests on particulate matter (PM) content in pedestrian paths and open spaces created between the main streets and buildings in a high-rise, high-density urban area. The study site is a 70m-wide open space between Busan City Hall and Jungang-street in Busan, Korea. The results showed that the density of PM differences between the open space and the adjacent main street were small in regions without linear trees and shrub rows during both the weekdays and weekend. On the other hand, the areas with linear trees and shrub rows were found to have significantly higher concentrations of PM compared to the roadway. In particular, sections with linear trees and shrub rows had higher PM levels both on roads and in adjacent open space, indicating that the composition of linear trees and shrub rows increased the concentration of PM in the off-street open space in areas with wide space between the roadway and building. The impact was more significant in the open space than the roadway. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that PM generated by vehicles flows through the roadside shrubs by rapid wind flow but does not disperse widely in the pedestrian paths where the wind flow was reduced. In this study, we found that the roadside tree and shrub walls slowed the flow of wind, causing vehicle-emitted PM to accumulate if a wide open space was created between the road and building, resulting in higher concentration of PM in the open space. We confirmed that the distance between the road and building was a critical factor for constructing linear trees and shrub rows to reduce PM generated by vehicle traffic.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1047-1056
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• 2016

This study aims to provide managerial implications for provincial parks through an analysis on visitors' characteristics and motivational factors. The information was collected by surveying 290 visitors. The survey questionnaire consisted of questions regarding visitors' socioeconomic characteristics, characteristics of their travel behavior, visitors' motivation to visit the park, and the degree of satisfaction derived from visiting the park. Results show that most respondents appeared not to collect any information on the park prior to their visit. It was also seen that most visitors do not visit other tourist sites nearby, and are not aware of the Gochang UNESCO biosphere, which indicates that Gochang-gun, which is responsible for park management, needs to make more efforts to promote the park. A factor analysis on the visitors' motivation to visit the park extracted three factors to visit the Seonunsan Provincial Park: 'to hike,' 'to experience and observe nature,' i.e., nature learning field trip and camping, and 'to build and nurture bonding with family and friends.' To examine the effect of these various motivational factors had on the visitors' satisfaction level upon visiting the park, we conducted a multiple regression analysis with the three extracted factors to visit the park and the respondents' socioeconomic characteristics as independent variables, and the degree of recommendation of visiting the park as a dependent variable. The result shows found that, of the three travel factors, only the 'hiking' factor statistically significantly affected the degree of recommendation of visiting the park. This result suggests that the Seonunsan Provincial Park only satisfied hikers and failed to meet the demands for nature experience and observation. It is therefore suggested that the park managers develop new experience-based tourism programs, such as guided tours conducted by professional eco-interpreters.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.11-26
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• 2013

Designing large parks such as Yongsan Park requires the open-ended process-oriented design approach in complex layers rather than the conventional self-completed master plan method. This study aims to examine the characteristics of process-oriented design in the eight invited entries of "International Competition for the Master Plan of the Yongsan Park, Korea"(2012). For this purpose, it analyzed each entry according to three criteria: objects of process-oriented approach, time factor and its features of phasing plan, and presentation method of the process. This analysis can not only critically review the current level of the process-centered design methodology but also suggest strategic future directions for Yongsan Park. The objects of process-oriented design in the eight works were order of physical space development, restoration process of ecosystem, recovering process of publicity, and economic operation and management. Main considerations in the objects were connections to adjacent urban fabrics, links to regional green and water system, reuse of existing buildings and infrastructures in the site. The temporal criteria of the phasing plan had two aspects. One was planning a certain time and period, and the other was just establishing an order of phases. Most of the presentation method of process was the phasing plan, but some of the entries suggested a scenario plan. The eight works of "International Competition for the Master Plan of Yongsan Park" did not attempt process-oriented designs entirely and completely. Rather, they tried to introduce the phasing plan as part of a process-centered design. Also, they took an eclectic approach between master plan and process-oriented design instead of rejecting the conventional master plan approach.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.406-414
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• 2016

This study examined the factors by which people choose auto-camping as their primary leisure activity after conducting a questionnaire survey of the visitors to the Chiaksan national park Guryong auto-campground. The majority of the visitors were employed (60%) in their 30s and 40s (85%) with relatively high education (88% of which had bachelor's degree or higher) and income levels (87% of which had family income greater than KRW30 million). Most visitors were family group visitors (82%), and for many visitors, auto-camping appeared to be their primary leisure activity as 24% of the respondents said that they visited auto-campground more than 10 times a year. Only 18% of the visitors had auto-camped for longer than 5 years, indicating that auto-camping is a relatively new leisure activity that has become popular in recent times. Factor analysis with 19 items that measured the degree of agreement on the relative advantages of auto-camping extracted four latent factors that affected the selection of auto-camping as a leisure activity: factor 1 (refreshment through contact with nature), factor 2 (novelty and a sense of accomplishment), factor 3 (convenience), and factor 4 (entertainment). Results of regression analysis that examined the effects of the four extracted factors on the visitors' level of satisfaction on auto-camping (measured by the number of visits to auto-campgrounds per year) indicated that 'refreshment through contact with nature' was the most critical factor when deciding to select auto-camping as their leisure activity. 'Novelty and a sense of accomplishment' and 'convenience' were also statistically significant -but to a lesser degree, whereas 'entertainment' did not statistically significantly affect the visitors' decision. These results suggest that, for designing and managing auto-campgrounds, it is more important to preserve the surrounding nature than to provide more facilities for campers' convenience and entertainment.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.172-178
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• 2002

This study quantified $CO_2$, SO$_2$and NO$_2$uptake by vegetation for the Namsan Nature Park in Seoul, and explored values for the park to contribute to atmospheric purification. Broad-leaved forest accounted for about 54% of total forest area, and tree-age structure was dominated by a young, growing tree population. Tree density and basal area averaged 17.5 trees/100$m^2$ and 2,580$\textrm{cm}^2$/100$m^2$, respectively. Atmospheric purification per unit area by forest type and age class was greater in older age classes, associated with changes in basal area, and tended to be greater in broad-leaved or mixed forest than in coniferous forest for the same age classes. Mean $CO_2$storage per unit area for all the forest types and age classes was 293.8 t/ha and economic value of the $CO_2$storage was ￦ 147millions/ha. Annual uptake averaged 24.6t/ha/yr for $CO_2$, 17.1 kg/ha/yr for SO$_2$and 43.9 kg/ha/yr for NO$_2$, and economic value of the annual uptake was ￦ 13millions/ha/yr. Total forest area stored 72,100 t of $CO_2$, and annually sequestered 6,040 t/yr of $CO_2$, 4,200 kg/yr of SO$_2$and 10,770 kg/yr of NO$_2$. Economic value of atmospheric purification for the entire area amounted to approximately ￦ 36,100millions for the $CO_2$storage, and ￦ 3,100millions/yr for the annual $CO_2$, SO$_2$ and NO$_2$uptake. The park played an important role through annually offsetting $CO_2$emissions from fossil fuel consumption by 1,100 persons, SO$_2$emissions by 2,800 persons, and NO$_2$ emissions by 1,160 persons. The results from this study are expected to be useful not merely in informing the public of atmospheric purification values of urban nature parks, but in urging the necessity for replanting and management budgets.