• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.16 no.9
• /
• pp.1274-1279
• /
• 2003

Thirty-six Naeimi ram lambs were equally and randomly allotted to four treatment groups with three replications per treatment to determine the simple and additive effects of monensin and zeranol on growth performance, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility. The treatment groups were: basal diet-fed lambs (C), monensin-fed lambs (M) where the basal diet was supplemented with 33 mg monensin per kilogram DM, lambs implanted with 12 mg zeranol (Z), and monensin-fed lambs implanted with zeranol (MZ). Lambs fed monensin-containing diet consumed 10.5% less (p<0.05) DM/100 kg weight and were 8.3% more (p<0.05) efficient in converting feed than lambs fed control diet. Zeranol implanted lambs tended to grow 35.2% (p<0.05) faster, consumed 5.1% more (p<0.05) feed and were (p<0.05) 21.9% more efficient in their feed conversion than control lambs. Responses of lambs to monensin and zeranol implants were not additive. Except for Z treatment, there were no marked differences in all carcass characteristics among the various treatment groups. Z-lambs produced 12.7% heavier (p<0.05) carcasses compared with those from C treatment. Also fat parameters, namely, kidney and pelvic fat (KP), body wall thickness and fat thickness, indicated trends for higher finish in Z treatment lambs (p<0.05) than for those lambs from other treatments. Except for CF and ADF, no significant differences in nutrients digestibility were noticed between various treatments; feeding monensin resulted in 24.5% and 8.5% depressions (p<0.05) in CF and ADF digestibility, respectively in comparison to C treatment. Nitrogen retention as percentage of total N-intakes was averaging 7.5 and 20.2% higher (p<0.05) in lambs implanted with zeranol than those fed the M and C diets, respectively.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.101-105
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of glucose and sodium phosphate on in vitro development of porcine oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro. When the culture medium was supplemented with various concentrations of glucose, the higher proportions (23 and 26%) of oocytes developed to morular or blastocyst stages were at the concentrations of 2.78 and 5.56 mM than 0 (9%; P<0.05) and 11.12 mM (18%). In experiment to evaluate effect of sodium phosphate during in vitro development of porcine oocytes, a significantly (P<0.05) higher proportions of embryos developed to morular or blastocyst stages was obtained with sodium phosphateof 0.28 (25%) and 0.53 (27％) mM than 0 (15%), 1.05 (19%) and 2.10 (10%) mM. On the other hand, when oocytes were cultured in medium with (0.53 mM) sodium phosphate, the proportions of developed embryos were significantly (P<0.05) higher in medium without (29%) that than with (14%) 5.56 mM glucose. However, a higher proportion of embryos developed to morular or blastocyst stages were obtained in medium with (23%) that than without (8%) glucose (P<0.05). The minimum essential medium (MEM) added to the culture medium were higher regardless of presence of sodium phosphate and glucose on the development of embryos. Although sodium phosphate and glucose could support morular and blastocyst development to a limited extend (10∼24%), significantly higher proportion (36%) at morular or blastocyst stages was obtained by MEM adding in the medium with sodium phosphate and glucose. These results suggest that the early development of in vitro fertilized porcine oocytes can be maintained efficiently by glucose and sodium phosphate when they were cultured in medium with MEM.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.12
• /
• pp.1722-1727
• /
• 2006

The nutritive value of 4 straws, obtained after thrashing of seeds from fodder crops, was assessed as complete feed for ruminants. Sixteen male Murrah buffaloes (liveweight 365.8${\pm}$19.5 kg), were divided into 4 equal groups and offered ad lib. straw of either Trifolium resupinatum, Trifolium alexandrium, Medicago sativa or Lolium perenne, supplemented with minerals and vitamin A, for 40 days in a completely randomized design. Simultaneously, each straw was offered to 3 rumen fistulated male buffaloes in order to assess the biochemical changes in the rumen. Compared to other straws M. sativa straw had higher (p<0.05) organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), acid-detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose content. L .perenne had the highest (p<0.05) hemicellulose and lowest (p<0.05) CP and acid-detergent lignin (ADL) content. T. resupinatum had the lowest concentration of cell wall constituents (CWC). The digestibility of nutrients of T. resupinatum and L. perenne straw was similar, but higher (p<0.05) than that of other straws. M.sativa straw showed highest (p<0.05) digestibility of CP. The highest OM digestibility of T. resupinatum and CP digestibility of M. sativa were responsible for highest (p<0.05) total volatile fatty acids and trichloroacetic acid precipitable nitrogen in the strained rumen liquor. The digestible crude protein (DCP) was highest (p<0.05) in M. sativa followed by that in T. alexandrium. The total purine derivatives excreted in urine varied from 0.22-0.32 mmol/kg $W^{.75}/d$. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis indicated that OM of straws of M. sativa and that of T. alexandrium was used more (p<0.05) efficiently. The microbial protein synthesized was highest in T. resupinatum, but statistically similar to other groups. The values for N-retention and apparent biological value were highest for L. perenne, though comparable with that of M. sativa and T. alexandrium. The available metabolizable energy (ME) was highest (p<0.05) in T. resupinatum followed by that in L. perenne and lowest in M. sativa. It was concluded that all the straws, supplemented with minerals and vitamin A, could be fed exclusively to adult ruminants with no adverse affect, as animals were able to maintain body weight (372${\pm}$20.1 kg).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.65 no.5
• /
• pp.1040-1052
• /
• 2023

The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of functional nutrients including various functional amino acids, vitamins, and minerals on chicken intestinal epithelial cells (cIECs) treated with oxidative stress. The cIECs were isolated from specific pathogen free eggs. Cells were exposed to 0 mM supplement (control), 20 mM threonine (Thr), 0.4 mM tryptophan (Trp), 1 mM glycine (Gly), 10 μM vitamin C (VC), 40 μM vitamin E (VE), 5 μM vitamin A (VA), 34 μM chromium (Cr), 0.42 μM selenium (Se), and 50 μM zinc (Zn) for 24 h with 6 replicates for each treatment. After 24 h, cells were further incubated with fresh culture medium (positive control, PC) or 1 mM H₂O₂ with different supplements (negative control, NC and each treatment). Oxidative stress was measured by cell proliferation, whereas tight junction barrier function was analyzed by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran permeability and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Results indicated that cell viability and TEER values were less (p < 0.05) in NC treatments with oxidative stress than in PC treatments. In addition, FITC-dextran values were greater (p < 0.05) in NC treatments with oxidative stress than in PC treatments. The supplementations of Thr, Trp, Gly, VC, and VE in cells treated with H₂O₂ showed greater (p < 0.05) cell viability than the supplementation of VA, Cr, Se, and Zn. The supplementations of Trp, Gly, VC, and Se in cells treated with H₂O₂ showed the least (p < 0.05) cellular permeability. In addition, the supplementation of Thr, VE, VA, Cr, and Zn in cells treated with H₂O₂ decreased (p < 0.05) cellular permeability. At 48 h, the supplementations of Thr, Trp, and Gly in cells treated with H₂O₂ showed the greatest (p < 0.05) TEER values among all treatments, and the supplementations of VC and VE in cells treated with H₂O₂ showed greater (p < 0.05) TEER values than the supplementations of VA, Cr, Se, and Zn in cells treated with H₂O₂. In conclusion, Thr, Trp, Gly, and VC supplements were effective in improving cell viability and intestinal barrier function of cIECs exposed to oxidative stress.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.16 no.5
• /
• pp.834-839
• /
• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate changes in cell wall components and solubilization and depolymerization of pectin and neutral sugar polymers during softening of 'Tsugaru' apples. Pectic polysaccharides were solubilized in different solvents, distilled-water, 0.05 M CDTA, 0.05 M $Na_2CO_3$, and 8 M KOH, from cell wall materials during fruit softening. The uronic acid contents in distilled-water fraction rapidly increased along with fruit softening at 4 weeks after ambient storage. In the change of non-cellulosic neutral sugars in the cell wall of ‘Tsugaru’ fruits, the major sugar was galactose and arabinose in distilled-water, 0.05 M CDTA and 0.05 M $Na_2CO_3$ soluble fractions, and it was glucose, galactose and xylose in 8 M KOH fraction. Especially the change of galactose contents in distilled-water fraction was increased greatly along with fruit softening. When uronic acid polymers (UAP) and carbohydrate polymers (CP) in distilled-water fraction were filtered and separated using Sepharose CL-2B column, the high molecular UAP and CP were degraded to the low molecular ones from at harvest to softening fruit. Thus, the amount of high molecular polymers were greatly decreased along with fruit softening.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.185-191
• /
• 2000

The water-soluble glucan produced by Lactococcus lactis 1370 affects the formation of dental plaque by Streptococcus mutans. In this study the factors affecting the formation of water-soluble glucan were assessed as the optical density of culture supernatant of Lactococcus lactis 1370 in the spectrophotometer. 1. The optical density of culture supernatant was high when Lactococcus lactis 1370 was cultured in M17 broth with 5% sucrose, while being low in culture supernatant of Streptococcus mutans. 2. The optical density of culture supernatant was higher when Lactococcus lactis 1370 was cultured in M17 broth with 10% sucrose than when being cultured without sucrose (p<0.05), and was higher at pH 7 than pH 5 (p<0.05). 3. The optical density of culture supernatant was the highest at $37^{\circ}C$ among $32^{\circ}C,\;37^{\circ}C\;and\;42^{\circ}C$, and was higher in the anaerobic incubator than in the aerobic incubator (p<0.05). 4. The optical density of culture supernatant was the highest in the media containing 1.0mM $CaCl_2$ (p<0.05), 2.5mM KCl (p<0.05), and 1.6mM $MgCl_2$. 5. When Streptococcus mutans was cultured in the media containing a quarter culture supernatant of Lactococcus lactis 1370 grown in M17 broth, the mean weight of produced artificial plaque was 103.0mg on the wire, whereas being significantly reduced to 5.6mg in the media containing a quarter culture supernatant of Lactococcus lactis 1370 grown in M17 broth containing 5% sucrose (p<0.05). These results indicate that the water-soluble glucan is more formed by Lactococcus lactis 1370 in the media containing sucrose or under the adequate conditions for the growth of bacteria, and inhibits the formation of artificial plaque by Streptococcus mutans.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.205-215
• /
• 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of stocking density and strain on the performance and physiological adaptive responses including the plasma corticosterone content and the level of mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant enzymes in broiler chicks. A total of 300 birds of two strains (150 Ross strain vs. 150 Cobb strain) aged 3-d old were allotted into two stocking densities (standard stocking density,$0.046m^2/bird$ vs. high stocking density, $0.023m^2/bird$) in battery cages by $2{\times}2$ factorial designs with ten replicates until 35 d of age. There was no significant strain effect on body weight, feed intakes and feed to gain ratio and the relative organ weights. However body weight, feed intakes and relative organ weight were found to be significantly (P<0.05) affected by the effect of stocking density. Plasma corticosterone level was not affected by both stocking density and strain effects. Hepatic mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), IL-6, IL-18 and interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$) was not significantly changed by the effects of strain and stocking density. However, the mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) was affected by strain, showing that Ross strain decreased (P<0.05) the GPX expression. With respect to the effect of stocking density, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and GPX mRNA expression in the liver from high stocking density group. Splenic pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was not also affected by stocking density and strain, except that IL-18 mRNA significantly (P<0.05) decreased in Cobb strain under high stocking density. The mRNA expression of SOD and CAT was significantly (P<0.05) affected by the effects of stocking density and strain. In conclusion, growth performance was not affected by strain but stocking density. Although mRNA expression of major pro-inflammatory cytokines was not changed by stocking density and strain, antioxidant enzyme was significantly affected by stocking density, strain or even organ in birds under summer conditions. More detailed studies still needed to be explored to elucidate the effects of environmental conditions and genetic background on physiological responses in birds.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.24-27
• /
• 2010

Purpose: Early diagnosis of breast is of the utmost importance to improve prognosis. We have a limitation for mammography and sonography detecting small cancer. Clinical importance of Breast Specific Gamma Imaging (BSGI) has improved for that reason. So We studied performance evaluation test of count rate and resolution with high sensitivity to the low dose of BSGI. Materials and Methods: BSGI of Dilon 6800, point source of $^{99m}Tc$ from 1.85~148 MBq (0.05~4 mCi) at the intervals of 1.85~37 MBq (0.05~1 mCi) was used for the test. Performance evaluation method was performed for measuring deadtime for choosing at the 5 different point in the useful field of view (UFOV), acquired image for 60 seconds. Compared with reference of clinical uptake distribution of breast, activity increased according to the distance change 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mm in the useful field of view. Results: Counting curve increased according to the activity from 1.85 MBq (0.05 mCi) to the 74 MBq (2 mCi), and it change flat shape over 74 MBq (2 mCi). The variation of the full width of half maximum (FWHM) to the distance is 4.05, 4.73, 5.77, 6.90, 8.00, 9.32 mm in 1.85 MBq (0.05 mCi), 4.30, 4.80, 5.90, 7.00, 8.10, 9.07 mm in 3.7 MBq (0.1 mCi), 4.90, 5.60, 6.20, 7.20, 8.20, 9.10 mm in 5.55 MBq (0.15 mCi), 5.30, 6.10, 6.60, 7.00, 7.90, 8.70 mm in 7.40 MBq (0.2 mCi). Conclusion: Distortions of image would be acquired because of the deadtime in BSGI. We found out the fact that specification of $^{99m}Tc$ reaction under 74 MBq (2 mCi) for BSGI. Second, FWHM distribution change from varied distance from the detector, clearly distinguished the location of the lesion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.683-689
• /
• 2017

Objective: The experiments were carried out to measure the effect of multivitamin, acidifier and Azolla on growth performance, profitability and lipid profiles of blood of broiler chickens to produce safe and cost effective broilers. Methods: In experiment 1, 240 day-old Cobb-500 broiler chicks were fed diets; $D_1$ (control), $D_2$ ($D_1$ with 1 mL multivitamin/liter water), $D_3$ ($D_1$ with 1 mL acidifier/liter water), $D_4$ ($D_1$ with 1 mL multivitamin and 2 mL acidifier/liter water) having 3 replications in each, and 20 chicks/replication. In experiment 2, 150 day-old Cobb-500 broiler chicks were fed diets; $T_1$ (control), $T_2$ (5% Azolla in the diet), $T_3$ (7% Azolla in the diet) and $T_4$ ($T_1$ with 1 mL multivitamin and 1 mL acidifier/liter water) having 3 replications in each, and 20 chicks/replication in control, and 10 chicks/replication in the remaining dietary treatment groups for 35 days. Results: In experiment 1, the highest live weight was observed in $D_4$ (p<0.05), however, feed intake was statistically similar between diets (p>0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p<0.001) and mortality (p<0.05) were observed in $D_2$ followed by $D_4$, $D_1$, and $D_3$, respectively. There were no significant differences between diets for feed cost and net profit (p>0.05). However, evidently but not significantly, the highest net profit was obtained in $D_2$ followed by $D_4$, $D_1$, and $D_3$, respectively. In experiment 2, the highest live weight (p<0.05) and feed intake (p<0.001) were observed in $T_4$. Mortality (p<0.01), FCR (p<0.01), feed cost (p<0.05) and net profit (p<0.05) were significantly different among diets. Considering net profit, $T_2$ was the best performing dietary group followed by $T_3$, $T_1$, and $T_4$, respectively. The lowest lipid profiles were observed in $D_3$ followed by $D_1$, $D_4$, and $D_2$, respectively (p<0.05). In experiment 2, the lowest total cholesterol, TG, and the highest amount of high density lipoprotein were observed in $T_2$, followed by $T_3$, $T_1$, and $T_4$, respectively (p<0.05). Evidently but not significantly, low density lipoprotein was the highest in $T_2$ followed by $T_3$, $T_4$, and $T_1$, respectively (p>0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, Azolla and acidifier reduced lipid profiles of broiler chickens. Considering net profit and lipid profiles, 5% Azolla may be the suitable dietary group for producing safe and profitable broilers. However, more studies are needed to confirm this study prior to suggesting using Azolla in the poultry industry.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.381-389
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study is investigation of radiation dose in CT scan. Data were collected from various references and organizations. Doses measured by CT scanners of each medical organization were analyzed and they were calculated through the examination protocol. The results are as follows : 1. $CTDI_W$ value per 100mAs measured by Head Phantom was the highest in <4-slice MDCT scanner> of 24.20 mGy. $CTDI_W$ values were significantly different among scanner generations(p < 0.01). 2. $CTDI_W$ value per 100 mAs measured using body phantom was the highest in <4-slice MDCT scanner> of 13.58 mGy and the $CTDI_W$ values were significantly different among scanner generations(p < 0.01). 3. When contrast medium was not used, the highest scanner was <16 slice MDCT> of $818.83\;mGy{\codt}cm$ in exposure dose in brain scan(p < 0.05). When the contrast medium was used, the highest scanner was <4 slice MDCT> and its average was $1,460.77\;mGy{\cdot}cm$(p < 0.1). 4. When the contrast medium was not used, the highest scanner was <16-slice MDCT> of $521.63\;mGy{\cdot}cm$ on average in terms of the exposure dose in chest inspection(p<0.05). when the contrast medium was used, the highest scanner was found in 8 slice MDCT scanner and its average was $1,174.70\;mGy{\cdot}cm$. There was no statistically significant difference among scanners. 5. When the contrast medium was not used, the highest scanner was <16-slice MDCT> and its average was $856.27\;mGy{\cdot}cm$ in exposure dose on the abdomen-pelvis(p<0.05). when the contrast medium was used, the highest scanner was <16-slice MDCT> and its average was $1,720.64\;mGy{\cdot}cm$ on average (p < 0.05). 6. When the contrast medium was not used, the highest scanner was <8-slice MDCT> and its average was $612.07\;mGy{\cdot}cm$ in exposure dose in liver inspection(p < 0.05). when the contrast medium was used, the highest scanner was <8-slice MDCT scanner> and its average was $2,197.93\;mGy{\cdot}cm$ in exposure dose(p < 0.1). seventy six point two percent of medical facilities were in risk of radiation exposure while the number of phase was three to four times in their dose inspection of contrast medium.