• Health Policy and Management
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.110-143
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to assess the extent of inequality in health outcomes and the distribution of health services according to health need under National Health Insurance System in Korea. For the empirical analysis, data were collected through an interview survey during one month of October, 1994. Interview were conducted with a total of 10, 875 of the employees and the self-employed selected through cluster, systematic sampling. The major findings of this research are as follows: 1. The analysis of the differentials in morbidity rates by socio-economic group showed that health inequality in the pro-higher groups existed in all self-reported morbidity indicators. 2. The findings of the conventional use measures showed that the lower socio-economic groups had more ambulatory and inpatient services than the higher groups. In contrast to the level of the medical care utilization, however, the higher socio-economic groups were more likely to use the high-quality source of care in terms of their treatment place compared to the lower groups. 3. By using the need-based use measures, the results were different from each use-disability ration indicator. Using the use-disability ration measured by physician visits per 100 restricted-activity days in the population, it was found that there was no evidence favoring the higher socio-economic groups. In contrast, the use-disability ration based on physician visits per a chronic patient in one year displayed that there was remarkable relative difference by income group as well as the evidence of the pro-higher income groups. 4. The results of logistic regression analysis and two-stage estimation method indicated that although the utilization is significantly affected by type and duration of insurance coverage, the use or nonuse of service and the volume of physician care consumed is determined by health need and demographic characteristics rater than economic status. In sum, these findings suggest that physician service is equitably distributed according to health need under national health insurance system in Korea. As there were some evidences of inequality including the differential in physician visits of chronic patients by income group, however, the government should strengthen the activities to guarantee the equity of health services utilization.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2018

The purpose of the study is to analyze the housing problems of single-person household in 20-35 age group. Using the survey of Household's Consumption in 2014, we estimated the housing demand function of young single-person household in Seoul. As a result, the coefficient of the permanent income for young single-person household housing was significantly lower than other groups and the housing demand was also lower than others. Since current income isn't come up to permanent income enough, the housing consumption of young single-person household shrinks. It implies the role of the housing financial market is less activated. That is, the difficulty of realization of permanent income and lack of housing finance are the main cause of the imbalance of housing demand of one young person. Therefore, it implies that in order to alleviate the housing problem of the young single-person household, a policy to balance the permanent income with the housing demand is needed.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.677-689
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• 2011

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the consumption behavior and perceptions of environmentally-friendly agricultural products (EAPs) according to the lifestyles of housewives in the Jeonbuk area, Korea. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from 267 housewives. Frequency analysis, chi-square, one-way ANOVA, factor analysis, and cluster analysis were used to analyze the data. Three clusters were obtained from the cluster analysis of LOHAS and wellbeing-related lifestyle: Cluster 1 "LOHAS-pursuit group", Cluster 2 "wellbeing-progress group", Cluster 3 "Utility-pursuit group". Of the housewives who were of LOHAS-pursuit group, about 50% were over 40 years old and had a professional job with a high household income. They had a high level of understanding about EAPs and purchased the highest percentage of EAPs among the groups. The housewives who were of the wellbeing-progress group, over 83% were between the ages of 30 and 40. Their consumption behaviors were very similar with that of the LOHAS-pursuit group, but the household income was lower. Of the housewives who were of the utility-pursuit group, about 63% under 30 years old. Their household income and level of understanding about EAPs were the lowest among the groups. They less interest in EAPs in comparison with other groups. For housewives' to choose EAPs properly, information and consumer education on these products, according to their lifestyles is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.346-358
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to find differences in dietary patterns through menu analysis by economic status. The data was obtained from the 1998 and 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey of Korea. The main variables were economic status, sex, and area by urbanization. The economic status was classified into low, middle, high, and top classes using a poverty line based on the 1998 and 2001 minimum standard cost of living. The areas were divided into metropolis, small city, and rural areas. The dishes of 3 meals were classified into 29 categories by cooking method. The most frequent pattern was "rice + soup + kimchi". The frequency of this Korean basic dietary pattern was the lowest in the top income class and metropolis areas, while the highest in the low income class and rural areas. The frequency of Korean recommended dietary pattern, that is, "rice + soup or stew + kimchi + side dish" was the highest in the top income class. The metropolis group preferred side dishes using meat and a cooking method that saved time, but the rural group preferred side dishes using vegetables and cooking methods that take a longer time. In comparison of dietary pattern between male and female by economic status, the higher economic status, the male's dietary patterns showed more side dishes than those of female. But the main side dish was kimchi in male low class. Consequently, the major dietary pattern in Korea is rice-style, though the western pattern is increasing in the top income class, especially in metropolis areas. Therefore, to make a better dietary pattern, we should develop and spread low-priced recipes of various side dishes and teach financial skills such as ability to make a food budget for lower income classes. Also, we should emphasize the importance of the balance between meat and vegetables and traditional diet and western diet for the top income class, especially in the metropolis areas.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2010

The prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome has increased rapidly among the middle-aged and seems to be affected by socioeconomic factors, lifestyles and dietary habits. This research tries to find out the difference in dietary intake between middle-aged with and without metabolic syndrome. Using Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) in 2005 and 2007, this study investigated 2,382 people (normal: 1,575, disease: 807) in 2005 and 1152 people (normal: 747, disease: 405) in 2007 (between the age of 40 and 64). Analysis was performed to discover the difference in nutrient intakes between people with and without metabolic syndrome. Also differences among people with various socioeconomic factors (such as age, education level, and income level), which can affect nutrient intake, were analyzed. In the nutrient intake people with metabolic syndrome has lower intake in most of nutrients than those of normal group, except carbohydrate. In 2007, normal group had higher intake in most nutrients, except for carbohydrate, sodium, potassium and vitamin A. Carbohydrate: protein: fat (C: P: F) ratio for metabolic syndrome group showed higher rate for carbohydrate, than normal group, in 2005, and 2007. Overall, the higher age and income level, the more carbohydrate intake rate is increase in metabolic syndrome group. The Quality of each nutrient intake was assessed using NAR (Nutrient adequacy ratio) and MAR (Mean adequacy ratio). According to the MAR, there was significant difference in 2005, 0.83 for normal group and 0.81 for metabolic syndrome group but there wasn't any in 2007 (0.81 for normal group, 0.82 for metabolic syndrome group). By NAR, in 2005, all nutrient except phosphorus, iron, vitamin A for Normal group higher then those of metabolic syndrome group (p < 0.05). In 2007 intake of metabolic syndrome group were higher then those normal group in most of nutrient by NAR. For age, education and income, MAR for normal group is higher then that of metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, Quality of nutrient intake in normal group is better then in metabolic syndrome group. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor dietary of intake people with metabolic syndrome, and necessary measures should be taken.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.109-118
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• 2005

This study was carried out to identify the major characteristics of plug seedling farm's management. Thirty glasshouse farms were surveyed out of 42 farms that adopted plug seedling production technology in Korea. The major objectives of this survey were to determine the technical capability of the glasshouse farmers, and to analyze the significant differences in terms of production performance and management capabilities. The major results of the survey were as follows : 1) The production quantity of plug seedlings of the superior group was 43% higher than the inferior group. 2) The plug seedling loss rate of the superior roup was lower by 4% than the inferior group. 3) The income of superior group was 4.2 million Won per $1,000m^2$, while the income of the inferior group was only 0.45 million Won. 4) The cause of low production of grafted plug seedlings was primarily due to the lack of technical knowledge and skills. 5) The results indicated that the technical knowledge level and production skills of grafting plug seedling should be improved.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.41-74
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• 2020

In this study, using the job history data of the Youth Panel(1-12th year: 2007 ~ 2018) of the Korea Employment Information Service, it is found that characteristics and duration distribution of first jobs of wage and salary worker, and estimated the factors of first job exit by utilizing survival analysis. As a result of the analysis, regular workers are less likely to leave their first jobs than temporary/daily workers. In addition, the group with a high degree of major congruence was found to have a lower chance of leaving the first job than the group with a major mismatch. And the higher the income level, the lower the probability of departure, which shows that the possibility of leaving low-income workers is very high.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.103-116
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to empirically describe the everyday life of middle-aged adults in terms of their time-use activities. From the original '2004 Time dairy' Data, developed by the Korean National Statistical Office (KNOS), 17,684 respondents aged between 35-59 were selected. In order to categorize their activity patterns, work/labour, domestic labour, and spare leisure time were classified according to the action classification system. As a result, four dominant types were found: namely work-leisure, work-oriented, family-oriented, and leisure-oriented activities. Results of multinomial logistic analysis revealed that gender, age, socioeconomic status, job characteristic, and family structure were the major determinants on time-use. Compared with work-leisure, young middle aged women holding a part-time job with less income tended to be involved in a family-centered time use. Dual earners with lower SES status were likely to have work-oriented time schedules. Older men with relatively lower income were more likely to be involved in leisure-oriented activities rather than work-leisure activities. Multitasking behavior was a significant variable in explaining the four different types of time-use. Work-oriented group showed the highest level of time pressure as well as fatigue. Group differences in these measures, however, was not as large as expected.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.115-128
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• 2000

This study was conducted to examine the relation between parental social support and disciplinary practices for fathers and mothers of young children. Two hundred-twenty mothers and two hundred-twenty fathers completed measures of parental social support and child disciplinary practices. The analyses were conducted separately for the group of fathers and the group of mothers. Descriptive analysis, Cronbach'$\alpha$ correlations and t-tests were used to examine research Questions. The resets of this study were as follows: 1. Social supports of the provisions of guidance, reliable alliance, and attachment were higher for mothers than for fathers. On the other hand, social support of the reassurance of worth was higher for lathers then for mothers. 2. Social supports of the provisions of guidance and reliable alliance were higher for fathers of sons than for fathers of daughters. 3. Social supports of the reliable alliance and social integration were higher for fathers of higher income than for fathers of lower income. 4. For both fathers and mothers, the higher they perceived their social supports, the more they used effective parental disciplinary practices.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 1982

A general equilibrium growth model is constructed to analyse the income distributional impacts of the 1973 world oil crisis upon the Korean economy. Our results show that all consumer groups experienced a virtually uniform percentage reduction in their income levels. This implies that a lower income groups may be more damaged in a relative sense. In any rate, there were no domestic groups who benefit from the international oil crisis. This model could be used to figure out which social group will be most vulnerable against the next possible oil crisis we may expect in the future. Our result nay provide us a guideline for a compensating program to protect such groups against an external shock.