• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2000.04b
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• pp.937-942
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• 2000

The characteristics of spray combustion and dropsize of spray through twin-fluid atomizer was experimentally investigated. The distribution of flame temperature have an effect on the generation of NOx. To investigate there effects, flame temperature with different spray shape was observed. The spray shape was varied by various bluff-bodys. Mean temperature were measured by thermocouple respectively, and NOx concentration was measure by NOx analyser. Distribution of droplet sizes were measured by PMAS. The result showed that the flame with wide distribution has lower temperature and lower NOx emission compared with narrow.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 2003

This study is to figure out where the current satisfaction with ready-to-wear clothes based on middle-aged women's body shapes is at and to propose basic considerations in its production for coming up with a better sizing system to maximize customer's satisfaction. The data obtained from measurement and questionnaire by 126 middle- aged (35-59) women which were located in Gwangju. Followings are summary of this research, 1)The satisfaction level with lower -wear is relatively lower-wear than that of upper-wear in most parts of body. 2) The results by way of putting score show three different groups. Group 1 has characteristics of front body silhouette in the small ratio of shoulder width/bust width, shoulder width/waist width and big ratio of shoulder width/hip width. And Group 3 has characteristics of front silhouette, small ratio of hip girth/thigh girth. Group 2 has a standard shape. 3) The satisfaction level with lower-wear based on middle-aged women's body shapes shows slight difference. In this category, Group 2 has higher satisfaction level than that of Group 1, while Group 1 has better shape than Group 3. 4) The items of clothes which should be considered current less satisfaction on their size and pattern are skirt and pants. In the meantime, specific body parts for the same criteria are hip girth, thigh girth. And the 43.7% of middle-aged women who responded to this study requires improvement on the fit of lower-wear.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.159-169
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to study real body size and ideal body shape by considering the relations of between the degree of satisfaction and consciousness of body cathexis and real body size and to understand change of the degree of satisfaction at body part and ideal body shape with the changes of the times by comparing the date taken at 1997 to that taken at 1992. The subjects in this study were 542 and 201 female college students aged from 18 to 25 Body. measurements and survery were taken from April to June 1997, and May to June 1992 Data were analyzed by correlation analysis ANOVA duncan test and crosstabulation analysis The results were as follows : (1) The subjects tended to be satisfied with long and slim limbs silm trunk and preferred to be tall in height and light in weight. But exceptionally they tended to be unstatisfied with small bust as well as big one. (2) The subjects want to be slimmer lower body than upper body. (3) The subjects of 1997 was more statisfied with tall height light weight slim limbs and narrow shoulder than those of 1992. (4) The ideal body shape of the subject of 1997 was slim body while that of the subject of 1992 was big bust and wasp waist. (5) The subject of 1997 was more satisfied with leanner body than that of 1992.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1262-1272
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• 2009

The study is classifies the figures of obese women aged 20-50 with an over 25 BMI from the data of the fifth Size Korea in 2005. As the result of conducting the factor analysis for segmenting the shape, Factor 1, Factor 2, Factor 3, and Factor 4 are respectively derived as the factor on a volume, the factor on the size of the vertical direction, the factor on the shoulder region, and the factor on the body length balance. As the result of conducting the cluster analysis using 4 factors (scores extracted from the analysis of factor analysis) the body type of obese women was classified into four types. The name of shape was specified by combining 'P' (an abbreviation of petite) that indicated the height (smaller than 155cm) among the height names of KS standard, 'R' (abbreviation of regular) that indicated the height (155cm-165cm) and the body characteristics. Type 1 had the longest length, and normal circumference, thickness, and width but with the developed shoulder. Type 1 was classified as a robust, 'Plus-RH'. Type 2 had the middle height, the shortest length of the upper part, a relatively-long length of the lower part of body. Type 2 shows the characteristics of a small body that was classified as 'Plus-PI'. The most obese body was Type 3 that had the normal length and shoulder size but showed the longest length of the upper part of the body; it was classified as 'Plus-PO'. Type 4 as the small shape had a potbelly and showed the characteristics of the shortest body classified as 'Plus-Pb'.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.99-110
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• 2020

In terms of junior high school girls' growth patterns during early adolescence, are unlike childhood when relatively balanced growth patterns are found and high school years in which the normal adult body type is nearly reached, growth patterns displayed are imbalanced and rapid. In fact, diverse size changes by body part growth occur significantly different from individual to individual. Therefore, it has been hard for junior high school students to select their proper size when buying school uniforms. This study attempted to acquire basic data needed to address adolescent body shapes and school uniform patterns for junior high school girls, using the data from the 7th Size Korea Survey (2015). Specifically, it provides basic data for the development of school uniform patterns through the classification of their body into particular types, After extracting body shape components and a cluster analysis using ANOVA. According to a factor analysis conducted to determine body shape components, six factors were obtained: Factor 1: bulk and horizontal size, Factor 2: body height and length, Factor 3: shoulder shape and length, Factor 4: shape of upper body, Factor 5: lower drop, Factor 6: upper drop with a variance of 81.46%. To classify junior high school girls' body shape and determine their characteristics, a cluster analysis was performed with the variables obtained using factor analysis. Body shape was classified into three different types: Type 1 accounted for 30.7%. This was a short, slender body with the smallest bulk, size, and upper drop. Type 2 accounted for 24.9%. This was the largest in bulk and horizontal size and highest and length as well. Type 3 accounted for 44.5%. This type was close to average in terms of horizontal size, length and height, and high drop values. To develop school uniforms with great accuracy and body fit for junior high school students, there should be further studies on changes in body shape and their causes. The study results can serve as basic data for comparing branded school uniform patterns for junior high school girls and developing school uniform patterns based on body shape, using 3D virtual clothing simulations.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.58-75
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• 2007

This study held human measurement for 200 male subjects in their twenties in full age living in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province in China. Their lower body types were classified and grouped according to shapes and sizes. Consequently, representative body type reflecting shapes, sizes, and characteristics were chosen and presented with their measurement values to be used as the basic data for slacks pattern making and fitness evaluation. The following are the results of the analysis: 1. Homogeneity analysis was given to determine the correspondence relationships among index types, indirect types, and size types. Index Type 1 (H-Round), Indirect Type 2 (Adjacent Straight Legs & Slight Slant of Lateral Lower Body), and Size Type 1 (Medium-Thick) were correlated; Index Type 2 (A-Trapezoid), Indirect Type 1 (Bow Legs & Slight Slant of Lateral Lower Body), and Size Type 3 (Small-Slim) were corresponded; Index Type 3 (A-Balance), Indirect Type 3 (Balance Legs & Large Slant of Lateral Lower Body), and Size Type 2 (Tall-Normal) were mutually related. 2. Mahalanobis distance based on each shape factor (index or indirect) and size factor (absolute) was obtained, while an index-absolute representative body type group (47 people, 24.4%) and an indirect-absolute representative body type group (45 people, 23.7%) were chosen, each reflecting shapes, sizes, and characteristics. 3. The representative body type group of lower body shapes of Chinese males in their 20s had average measurement values, such as 169.15cm (stature), 73.32cm (waist circumference), 75.76cm (omphalion waist circumference), 91.08cm (hip circumference), 106.02cm (outside leg length), 53.96cm (thigh circumference), and 74.42cm (crotch length).

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.36-49
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of appearance management behaviors on career decision level among female college students. Based on previous studies on appearance management behaviors and career decision level, the items for a questionnaire were developed. For the study, we conducted a questionnaire survey among 292 students from women's university in Seoul. Factor analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed using SPSS statistics 23. Results of this study are as follows. First, the factor structure of appearance management behavior had three factors: 'fashion & hair,' 'skin & plastic surgery,' and 'body shape.' The reliability and validity of the factor structure were proved. Second, a significant correlation was found between sub-factors in appearance management behaviors. Career decision level showed a significant correlation only with body management factor. Third, the appearance management behavior of female college students was found to have a partially significant effect on career decision level. For higher grade students, fashion & hair factor and body shape factor had positive effects on career decision level. For lower grade students, body shape factor had a positive effect on career decision level while skin & plastic surgery factor had a negative effect on career decision level. Therefore, to increase career decision level, managing appearance through keeping fit body shape is crucial. This study also suggests that as one elevates to a higher grade, the importance of management and keeping interest toward fashion is important.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.327-337
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is for size suitability and fitness improvement for Korean 20's women. This study has classified hip types of 20's women by the 6th Korean Anthropometric Survey(Size Korean), then compared their lower body-type by hip types each other. The results are as follows. Factor analysis in sorting hip types can be explained 77.72% by nine factors. And cluster analysis can be divided into three types. Type 1 is referred to as a general type which has the largest size in the 'Hip circumference', but the buttocks's horizontal sizes are in the middle size besides the hip line. Type 2 is referred to as a protruding type in upper buttocks which is large in protruding volume of upper buttocks, but the buttock's horizontal sizes are small including 'Hip circumference', and buttock's horizontal section form close to circle. Type 3 is referred to as a type which is contrary to Type 2. Type 3 is small in protruding volume of upper buttocks, but large in lower buttocks, and the protrusions in whole buttocks are small, so the side view of Type 3 made gentle fit shape. By these results, the study could classify lower body of 20's women, and it can be basic data for new sizing systems and pattern development of bottoms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.230-243
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyse the body sizes of $7{\sim}12$ years elementary school girls and also to categorize KS size dimensions by the detailed information of ages and body shapes. For the study, the data of SizeKorea(2004) was analysed. Height, bust, waist, hip, the ratio of waist to height and hip to height were significant between age groups, but the ratio of bust to height was not. Therefore, the increase of bust size was resulted in growth of bust circumference, instead of bust volume. In the same height group, over 11 year girls had smaller waist, while over 12 year girls had bigger hip. For Grouping girls by ages and body shapes, the ages were divided into 2 groups, under 10 years old and 11 to 12 years old. The body shapes classified into 3 groups 'Stout-shape', 'Middle-shape', and 'slim-shape', by the ratios of bust to height and hip to height. 'Stout-shape' was significantly big at the almost sizes, but 'Middle-shape' was significantly big at only circumferences, not lengths. In addition, drop(the difference between bust and hip) and lower-drop(the difference between waist and hip) were in inverse proportion to the ratios of bust to height and hip to height. It meant the increases of bust-ratio and hip-ratio of 'Stout-shape' were resulted in overweight, rather than female matureness. The distribution of sizes over 0.5% were grouped for grading system and the subtotal percentiles of each group were calculated for industrial data. The groups which covered more than 10% of consumers were 2 to 6 and the 1 or 2 groups for 'Stout-shape' were also observed, so that children's ready-to wear companies could use them efficiently for their own consumer target.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.403-408
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• 2001

The purposes of this study were to determine consumers' characteristics that were shown according to their fashion leadership through examining the differences found with consumers' self-conception like the body cathexis and self-efficacy and clothing shopping orientation. The data were collected from 263 female college students using questionnaire. The results could be summarized as follows: First, the household income, subjective social class and clothing expenditure of the fashion leader group was larger than those of the fashion follower and laggard groups. Second, the fashion leader group showed higher body cathexis than the fashion follower and laggard groups in the lower body, the abdominal region, the bust shape, and the whole body shape. Thirdly, the higher was the fashion leadership, the higher was the self-efficacy. Forth, it was proved that the higher was the fashion leadership, the higher were the clothing shopping orientation such as home-shopping preference, hedonic shopping, impulsive purchasing, and brand loyalty.