• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.122-133
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• 2021

Objectives: This study evaluated the dietary habits and health behaviors of Korean adults according to their physical activity. Methods: Adults aged 19~64 years, who participated in the 2016~2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, were enrolled in this study. The subjects were classified into the physical inactivity group, aerobic physical activity group, strength exercise group, and combined exercise group. Results: Significant differences in skipping breakfast, frequency of eating out, dietary supplements, and alcohol drinking status were observed among physical activity groups (P < 0.001). The combined exercise group had the highest % KDRI of protein, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, potassium, and iron (P < 0.001). The physical inactivity group had the highest obesity rate (35.1%), and they perceived their body image type to be obese. In the combined exercise group, 47.8% of respondents said they were in good health (P < 0.001). The health-related quality of life score of the physical inactivity group was the lowest, with a score of 0.94. The metabolic syndrome risk rate of the combined exercise group was lower at 0.62 times (95% CI, 0.51-0.75) than the physical inactivity group. Conclusions: The physical activity type was associated with metabolic syndrome. These results can be useful for supporting dietary education and physical activity programs for adults.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.641-654
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• 2023

Purpose: Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) contains abounding phytochemicals, such as polyphenols and anthocyanins, and has antioxidative effects. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial regulator in enhancing the lipid metabolism. This study hypothesized that the intake of sour cherry affects AMPK signaling. Therefore, this study examined whether sour cherry regulates AMPK to balance the hepatic lipid metabolism and exert ameliorating effects. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice had obesity induced with a 45% fat diet. The mice were divided into four groups: control (CON), high-fat diet (HFD), low percentage sour cherry powder (LSC), and high percentage sour cherry powder (HSC). The mice in the sour cherry groups were fed 1% sour cherry or 5% sour cherry in their respective diets for 12 weeks. Results: The body weight, visceral fat weight, and lipid droplet size significantly decreased in the treatment groups. The serum and hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels improved significantly in the HSC group. The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were also reduced significantly, whereas the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were increased significantly in both treatment groups. The sterol regulator binding protein-1c and fatty acid synthase expression levels as fatty acid synthesis-related enzymes were significantly lower in the treatment groups than in the high-fat diet group. Furthermore, the adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase expression levels as lipolytic enzyme activity and AMPK/acetyl-CoA carboxylase/carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 as fatty acid β-oxidation-related pathway were upregulated significantly in both sour cherry groups. Conclusions: These results show that sour cherry intake improves hepatic lipid synthesis and chronic diseases by activating AMPK signaling. Therefore, this study suggests that phytochemical-rich sour cherry can be developed as a healthy functional food.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.230-247
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• 2023

This study aimed to investigate the association between awareness of having a chronic disease with food habits and dietary quality among 320 male manufacturing workers in their 40s. Participants were categorized into groups. The first group comprised workers who were aware of having chronic diseases (ACD, n=160) and had been diagnosed with any one or more of the following major chronic diseases: Metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. The second group comprised those who had experienced none of the above diseases were classified as a group of people who were a ware of not having chronic diseases (ANCD, n=160). The mean age of the subjects was 44.2 years. The mean weight (P<0.001) and body mass index (BMI; P<0.01) were significantly higher in the ACD than in the ANCD group. The frequency of alcohol consumption and the number of current smokers were not significantly different between the two groups. Dietary attitudes were not significantly different between the two groups. The frequency of egg consumption was significantly higher in the ACD group (P<0.05). Picky eating, vegetable intake, checking nutrition labels, and healthy eating behavior were not significantly different between the two groups. The frequency of exercise was significantly lower in the ACD group compared to the ANCD group (P<0.05). The mean nutrition quotient (NQ) score was 51.9, with no significant difference between the two groups. Based on these results, the awareness of suffering from chronic diseases was not significantly related to dietary attitudes, food habits, and overall dietary quality among production workers. Therefore, there is a need to develop and implement nutrition education programs to inculcate an awareness of health status that can lead to dietary changes.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2024

Objective: Testicular fat deposition has been reported to affect animal reproduction. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The present study explored whether sperm meiosis and testosterone synthesis contribute to mouse testicular fat deposition-induced reproductive performance. Methods: High fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity CD1 mice (DIO) were used as a testicular fat deposition model. The serum hormone test was performed by agent kit. The quality of sperm was assessed using a Sperm Class Analyzer. Testicular tissue morphology was analyzed by histochemical methods. The expression of spermatocyte marker molecules was monitored by an immuno-fluorescence microscope during meiosis. Analysis of the synthesis of testosterone was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and reagent kit. Results: It was found that there was a significant increase in body weight among DIO mice, however, the food intake showed no difference compared to control mice fed a normal diet (CTR). The number of offspring in DIO mice decreased, but there was no significant difference from the CTR group. The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone were lower in DIO mice and their luteinizing hormone levels were similar. The results showed a remarkable decrease in sperm density and motility among DIO mice. We also found that fat accumulation affected the meiosis process, mainly reflected in the cross-exchange of homologous chromosomes. In addition, overweight increased fat deposition in the testis and reduced the expression of testosterone synthesis-related enzymes, thereby affecting the synthesis and secretion of testosterone by testicular Leydig cells. Conclusion: Fat accumulation in the testes causes testicular cell dysfunction, which affects testosterone hormone synthesis and ultimately affects sperm formation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.210-218
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Yacon (Polymnia sonchifolia Poepp. & Endl.) powder on cholesterol-lowering and anti-obesity effects in rats fed a high fat-high cholesterol diet for 4 weeks to induce hyperlipidemic and obese rat model. Weight-matched male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to four groups according to dietary fat, cholesterol levels and Yacon powder levels. Experimental groups were normal diet group (N), high fat-high cholesterol diet group (HFC), high fat-high cholesterol diet with 5% Yacon powder group (HFC-PSL) and high fat-high cholesterol diet with 10% Yacon powder group (HFC-PSH). The body weight gain and FER were increased by a high fat-high cholesterol diet, but gradually decreased in the Yacon powder fed groups compared with the HFC group. Food intake was lower in HFC groups compared with N group. The liver and adipose tissue weights of HFC group were heavier than those of N group, whereas those of groups administered Yacon powder were gradually decreased. The serum ALT, AST, ALP and LDH activities elevated by a high fat-high cholesterol diet were significantly decreased by Yacon powder administration. Levels of serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor showed a decreasing tendency in the Yacon powder fed groups compared with HFC group. The serum HDL-cholesterol level decreased in the HFC group and markedly increased in the Yacon powder fed groups. Levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride in liver and adipose tissues were lower in Yacon powder administered groups than those in HFC group. These results suggest that Yacon powder may improve lipid metabolism of serum, liver, and adipose tissue and potentially reduce lipid storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.309-318
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the cholesterol lowering and anti-obesity effects of an ethanol extract of broccoli sprouts (BS) in rats fed high fat diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $150{\sim}155g$, were divided into 6 groups; a normal diet group (ND), a high fat diet group (HFD), a normal diet and BS with 200 mg/kg treated group (ND-BSL), a normal diet and BS with 400 mg/kg treated group (ND-BSH), a high fat diet and BS with 200 mg/kg treated group (HFD-BSL), and a high fat diet and BS with 400 mg/kg treated group (HFD-BSH). The body weight gain and mesenteric adipose tissue weight were increased by high fat diet, but gradually decreased to the corresponding level of ND group after administration of BS extract. The liver and epididymal adipose tissue weights of HFD group were the highest among the six groups, although the difference was not significant. Food intake was lower in high fat diet groups compared with normal diet groups. The serum ALT and AST activities that were elevated by the high fat diet were significantly decreased after BS administration. Levels of serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and the atherogenic index tended to be decrease in the BS administered groups compared with HFD group. However, HDL-cholesterol level in serum decreased in HFD group and markedly increased in BS administered groups. There were no differences in the contents of serum triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol between normal diet groups. Levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride in liver and adipose tissues were also lower in BS administrated groups than in HFD group. The activities of heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase (HR-LPL) and total-extractable LPL (TE-LPL) in adipose tissue were increased in HFD group compared with the BS administered groups, but those of the ND-BSL group and ND-BSH group were similar to ND group. These results suggest that BS ethanol extract may exert cholesterol-lowering effect and potentially reduce lipid storage.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.163-167
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effects of Enterococcus faecalis MD366, isolated from raw milk, in diet-induced obese mice. To examine the effect, male C57BL/6J mice were fed for six weeks on three different diets, i.e., a normal diet and orally administrated saline solution (ND), a high-fat diet and orally administrated saline solution (HFD), and a high-fat diet and orally administrated E. faecalis MD366 ($10^9CFU/day$) in saline solution (HFD+MD366). After six weeks, the rate of increase in body weight was 18.1% lower in the HFD+MD366 group compared to that in the HFD group. In addition, the weight of epididymal fat pad in the HFD+MD366 group was lower than that in the HFD group. The average levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were slightly reduced in the HFD+MD366 group compared to those in the HFD group. However, there were no significant differences between the groups. Measuring the adipocytes revealed that the percentage of adipocytes with a size of $2,000{\mu}m^2$ was higher than the percentages of other size classes in ND and HFD+MD366 groups, while the percentage of adipocytes larger than $5,000{\mu}m^2$ was highest in the HFD group. The mean adipocyte size in the HFD+MD366 group was smaller than that in the HFD group.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.779-788
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• 2013

This study was to investigate the effect of high-fat diet on macrophage immunocompetence in C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 male mice (4 weeks aged, n=16) were divided into two groups. HD groups fed high-fat diet (45% of fat) and ND groups fed chow diet (10% of fat). Peritoneal macrophages were obtained from each mouse intra-peritoneal by sterile lavage method. Macrophage were stimulated with $1{\mu}g/ml$ of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 hr. Body weight was significantly increased by high-fat diet. Macrophage phagocytosis of HD was significantly lower than that of ND. After 24 hr of LPS stimulation, NO, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ production of HD were significantly lower than those of ND. There were no significant differences in the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-12 between HD and ND. These findings suggest that high fat diet-induced obesity is associated with decreased Immunocompetence and antigen-stimulated sensitivity of peritoneal macrophage, and lower production of NO, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ may contribute to these changes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.411-419
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• 2016

Purpose: Dysregulation of adipokines caused by excess adipose tissue has been implicated in the development of obesity-related metabolic diseases. This study evaluated the effects of mugwort (Artemisia princeps Pampanini) ethanol extract on lipid metabolic changes, insulin resistance, adipokine balance, and body fat reduction in obese rats. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a control diet (NC), high-fat diet (HF, 40% kcal from fat), or high-fat diet with 1% mugwort extract (HFM) for 6 weeks. Results: Epididymal and retroperitoneal fat mass increased in the HF group compared with the NC group, and epididymal fat mass was reduced in the HFM group (p < 0.05). No difference was observed in serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) among the groups. However, triglyceride (TG), TG/HDL-C ratio, and TC/HDL-C ratio increased in the HF group and significantly decreased in the HFM group. TG and TC levels in the liver were significantly higher in the HF group, whereas these levels were significantly reduced in the HFM group. HF rats had lower insulin sensitivity as indicated by increased homeostasis model assessment of the insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value. HOMA-IR values significantly decreased in the HFM group. Adiponectin levels were higher in NC rats, and their leptin and PAI-1 levels were lower. Relative balance of adipokines was reversed in the HF group, with lower adiponectin levels but higher leptin and PAI-1 levels. In contrast, the HFM group maintained balance of adiponectin/leptin and adiponectin/PAI-1 levels similar to NC by reducing leptin and PAI-1 levels. Conclusion: Overall data indicated that mugwort extract can be effective in alleviating metabolic dislipidemia, insulin resistance, and adipokine dysregulation induced by a high-fat diet.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.575-586
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• 2006

This study was performed to compare nutrient intakes, diet quality and serum indices (TG, Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, RBC, Hb, Hct, Serum iron, ferritin, MCV) of obese and normal weight children. The subjects were 149 children living in the Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. Each subject was assigned to one of such as normal weight group ($15th{\le}BMI$ percentile < 85th, n = 82) or obese children ($85th{\le}BMI$ percentile, n = 67) according to their percentile of BMI by The Korean Pediatric Society. Data on dietary intakes, body composition and serum indices were obtained. Differences of all the above variables were assessed. Energy, carbohydrate, fat, cholesterol, total fatty acid, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, phosphate, potassium, zinc, vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin $B_6$ intakes of girls in the obese group were higher than those of the normal weight group (p<0.05). The intake of fiber was as insufficient as below 50% of KDRIs in both groups. Nutrient adequacy ratio of calcium, iron, phosphate, zinc and folate in obese boys were lower than those of normal weight boys (p<0.05). Energy intakes of grain and milk and dairy food in the obese girl group ($905.9{\pm}344.5kcal,\;210.9{\pm}166.4kcal$) were higher than those of normal weight girls ($671.2{\pm}360.7kcal,\;184.0{\pm}103.5kcal$) (p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol level of obese boys ($52.7{\pm}6.3mg/dL$) was significantly lower than that of normal weight boys ($65.3{\pm}15.6mg/dL$). Serum iron level of obese boys and girls (boys: $79.4{\pm}32.6mg/dL$, girls: $98.3{\pm}16.2mg/dL$) was significantly lower than those of normal weight children (boys: $104.8{\pm}38.6mg/dL$, girls: $106.7{\pm}28.9mg/dL$) (p<0.05). These results suggest that there should be sensible food selection and more intakes of fruit and vegetable are needed to improve the nutritional status in obese children.