• 한국철도학회논문집
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.158-164
• /
• 2008

강우침투는 지반의 모관흡수력을 감소시켜 저항력의 감소를 유발하며, 자중 증가로 인하여 구동력의 증가를 발생시켜, 사면 붕괴를 발생시킨다. 각종 기준에서 제시된 안전율을 만족한다해도 강우에 의한 사면붕괴는 자주 발생하고 있으며, 막대한 사회적 손실을 발생시키고 있다. 이와 같은 사면붕괴 발생의 주요 원인중에 하나는 사면을 구성하는 토질정수에 대한 불확실성을 고려하지 못했기 때문이며, 이를 보완하기 위하여 신뢰성해석의 기법을 도입을 검토하였다. 신뢰성해석은 지반물성과 결과적 부산물인 안전율의 확률분포특성을 고려할 수 있는 장점이 있으며, 결과물로 산출되는 파괴확률을 위험도관리에 확장하여 적용할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 철도사면 8개소에 대하여 각종 기준에서 제시하고 있는 기준을 적용하여 신뢰성해석을 시행한 후 그 결과를 분석하였으며, 철도영업선에 대한 손실을 고려하여 철도사면의 위험도관리가 정량적으로 시행될 수 있음을 보였다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제37권5호
• /
• pp.235-241
• /
• 2020

We aimed to determine the effect of timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocols on the pregnancy rate per insemination and pregnancy loss compared with AI performed at detected estrus in dairy cows and Korean Hanwoo cattle under heat stress. In dairy cattle, 1,250 sets of data that underwent AI during heat stress (temperature-humidity index ≥ 72) were categorized according to their TAI protocols or as controls: 1) PGF_2α-36 h-estradiol benzoate (EB)-36 h-TAI (PG-EB group, n = 113); 2) GnRH-7 days-PGF_2α-56 h-GnRH-16 h-TAI (Ovsynch group, n = 455); or 3) GnRH-6 days-Ovsynch (G6G group, n = 136). The remaining cows underwent AI at detected estrus (AIDE group, n = 546). The probability of pregnancy per AI 45 days after AI was higher (P < 0.01) in the PG-EB (odds ratio [OR]: 1.68), Ovsynch (OR: 1.48), and G6G (OR: 1.79) groups than in the AIDE group. However, the prevalence of pregnancy loss between 30 and 45 days after AI did not differ among the groups. In Hanwoo cattle, 617 sets of data inseminated artificially under heat stress were categorized into AIDE (n = 281), PG-EB (n = 194), and combined Ovsynch or G6G (n = 142) groups. The probability of pregnancy per AI 45 days after AI and the prevalence of pregnancy loss between 30 and 45 days after AI did not differ among the groups. Thus, implementation of a TAI protocol (PG-EB, Ovsynch, or G6G) in dairy cows under heat stress improves the pregnancy rate per AI versus AIDE, whereas there is no beneficial effect of TAI on the pregnancy rate of Hanwoo cattle under heat stress.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.855-869
• /
• 1997

In this paper, we proposed two kids of dynamic priority control mechanisms controlling the cell service ratio in order to improve the QOS(Quality of Service). We also analyse theoretically the characteristics of cell loss probability and mean cell delay time by applying the proposed priority control mechanisms to ATM switch with output buffer. The proposed priority control mechanisms have the same principles of storing cells into buffer but the different principles of serving cells from buffer. The one is the control mechanism controlling the cell service ratio according to the relative cell occupancy ratio of buffer, the other is the control mechanism controlling the cell service ratio according to both the relative cell occupancy ratio of buffer and the average arrival rate. The two service classes of our concern are the delay sensitive class and the loss sensitive class. The analytical results show that the proposed control mechanisms are able to improve the QOS, the characteristics of cell loss probability and mean cell delay time, by selecting properly the relative cell occupancy ratio of buffer and the average arrival rate. conventional DLB algorithm does not support synchronous cells, but the proposed algorithm gives higher priority to synchronous cells. To reduce synchronous cell loss rate, the synchronous cell detector is used in the proposed algorithm. Synchronous cell detector detects synchronous cells, and passes them cells to the 2nd Leaky-Bucket. So it is similar to give higher priority to synchronous cells. In this paper, the proposed algorithm used audio/video traffic modeled by On/Off and Two-state MMPP, and simulated by SLAM II package. As simulation results, the proposed algorithm gets lower synchronous cell loss rate than the conventional DLB algorithms. The improved DLB algorithm for multimedia synchronization can be extended to any other cells which require higher priority.

• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.110-128
• /
• 2021

Purpose - The essential purpose of this study is to analyze the possibility of substitution of an individual job resulting from technological development represented by the 4th Industrial Resolution, considering the different effects of digital transformation on the labor market. Design/methodology - In order to estimate the substitution probability, this study used two data sets which the job characteristics data for individual occupations provided by KEIS and the information on occupational status of substitution provided by Frey and Osborne(2013). In total, 665 occupations were considered in this study. Of these, 80 occupations had data with labels of substitution status. The primary goal of estimation was to predict the degree of substitution for 607 of 665 occupations (excluding 58 with markers). It utilized three methods a principal component analysis, an unsupervised learning methodology of machine learning, and Ridge and Lasso from supervised learning methodology. After extracting significant variables based on the three methods, this study carried out logistics regression to estimate the probability of substitution for each occupation. Findings - The probability of substitution for other occupational groups did not significantly vary across individual models, and the rank order of the probabilities across occupational groups were similar across models. The mean of three methods of substitution probability was analyzed to be 45.3%. The highest value was obtained using the PCA method, and the lowest value was derived from the LASSO method. The average substitution probability of the trading industry was 45.1%, very similar to the overall average. Originality/value - This study has a significance in that it estimates the job substitution probability using various machine learning methods. The results of substitution probability estimation were compared by industry sector. In addition, This study attempts to compare between trade business and industry sector.

• ETRI Journal
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.40-50
• /
• 2000

We apply a "sliding-window" Maximum Likelihood(ML) estimator to estimate traffic parameters On-Off source and develop a method for estimating stochastic predicted individual cell arrival rates. Based on these results, we propose a simple Connection Admission Control(CAC)scheme for delay sensitive services in broadband onboard packet switching satellite systems. The algorithms are motivated by the limited onboard satellite buffer, the large propagation delay, and low computational capabilities inherent in satellite communication systems. We develop an algorithm using the predicted individual cell loss ratio instead of using steady state cell loss ratios. We demonstrate the CAC benefits of this approach over using steady state cell loss ratios as well as predicted total cell loss ratios. We also derive the predictive saturation probability and the predictive cell loss ratio and use them to control the total number of connections. Predictive congestion control mechanisms allow a satellite network to operate in the optimum region of low delay and high throughput. This is different from the traditional reactive congestion control mechanism that allows the network to recover from the congested state. Numerical and simulation results obtained suggest that the proposed predictive scheme is a promising approach for real time CAC.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.257-279
• /
• 2015

The primary objective of this study is to summarize results from previous experimental tests on laboratory specimens of RC/steel frames with masonry infills, in order to develop fragility functions that permit the estimation of damage in typical non-structural components of RC frame buildings, as a function of attained peak interstory drift. The secondary objective is to derive loss functions for such non-structural components, which provide information on the probability of experiencing a certain level of monetary loss when a given damage state is attained. Fragility curves and loss function developed in this study can be directly used within the FEMA P-58 framework for the seismic performance assessment of RC frame buildings with masonry infills.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
• /
• 제18권34호
• /
• pp.61-67
• /
• 1995

Through the model presented in this paper, we study on the depletion of stock taking place due to random loss of items as well as random demand, under the assumption that the distributions of demand are independent of those of loss, and both of them are identical, and that life time distribution of each item is negative exponential. The steady state probability distribution of the stock level assuming instantaneous delivery of order under (s, S) inventory policy. Also we have derived total expected cost expression with loss cost. The results of sensitive analysis show that the effect of loss rate is substantial on the total cost and optimal value of inventory level.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.333-340
• /
• 2019

전투 시스템은 다양한 적대적 환경에서 주어진 임무를 수행한다. 주어진 임무를 수행하는 능력을 높이기 위하여 전투 시스템의 신뢰성을 분석하는 연구가 중요하다. 대부분의 기존 연구에서는 위협을 고려하지 않거나 하나의 위협을 고려하며 구성 요소간의 종속적 관계를 고려하고 있지 않다. 본 논문에서는 전투 시스템의 기능에 대한 상실 확률을 도출하며, 이를 이용하여 신뢰성 분석을 진행한다. 제안하는 방법은 하위, 상위의 두 계층으로 나누어 분석한다. 하위 계층에서는 다양한 위협을 동시에 고려하기 위하여 FTA 기법을 이용하여 구성 요소별 고장 확률을 도출한다. 상위 계층에서는 하위 계층에서 도출된 구성 요소의 고장 확률을 이용하며 구성 요소간의 종속적 관계를 고려하기 위해 BBN을 이용하여 기능의 상실 확률을 분석한다. 제안하는 방법을 이용하면 다양한 위협을 동시에 고려하면서 구성 요소간의 종속적 관계에 대한 분석이 가능하다.

• International Journal of Contents
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.7-14
• /
• 2015

In this paper, we derive the outage probability for M-ary phase shifting keying (MPSK) and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) burst transmission (BT) of adaptive decode-and-forward (ADF) cooperative relay systems over quasi-static Rayleigh fading channels. Within a burst, there are pilot symbols and data symbols. Pilot symbols are used for channel estimation schemes and each relay node's transmission mode selection schemes. At first, we focus on ADF relay systems in which the probability density function (PDF) is derived on the basis of error events at relay nodes corresponding to channel estimation errors. Next, the average outage probability is derived as an approximate expression for an arbitrary link signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for different modulation orders. Its accuracy is demonstrated by comparison with simulation results. Further, it is confirmed that BT-ADF relay systems with pilot symbol based channel estimation schemes enables to select correctly decoded relay nodes without additional signaling between relay nodes and the destination node, and it is verified that the ideal performance is achieved with small SNR loss.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제91권4호
• /
• pp.369-382
• /
• 2024

The earthquake loss assessment framework of ductile reinforced concrete (or RC) frame using component-performance -based methodology was studied in this paper. The elasto-plastic rotation angle was used as the damage indicator of structural component, and the damage-to-loss model was proposed on the basis of the deformation indicator of structural component. Dynamic instability during incremental dynamic analysis was taken as collapse criterion, and column failure was taken as criterion that structure has to be demolished. Expected earthquake losses of low-rise, mid-rise and high-rise RC frames were discussed. The expected earthquake loss encompassed collapse loss, demolition loss and repair loss. Furthermore, component groups of RC frame were divided into structural components, nonstructural components and rugged components. The results indicate that ductile RC frame is more likely to be demolished than collapse, especially in low-rise and mid-rise RC frames. Furthermore, the less collapse margin ratio the structure has, the more demolition probability the structure will suffer under rare earthquake. The demolition share of total earthquake loss might be more prominent than repair share and collapse share in ductile RC frame.