• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2006

To prove whether error catastrophe /lethal mutagenesis is the primary antiviral mechanism of action of ribavirin against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Ribavirin passage experiments were performed and supernatants of $Rp_1$ to $Rp_5$ were harvested. Morphological alterations as well as the levels of viral RNAs, proteins, and infectious particles in the BHK-21 cells infected using the supernatants of $Rp_1$ to $Rp_5$ and control were measured by microscope, real-time RT-PCR, western-blotting and plaque assays, respectively. The mutation frequency was measured by sequencing the complete P1- and 3D-encoding region of FMDV after a single round of virus infection from ribavirin-treated or untreated FMDV-infected cells. Ribavirin treatment for FMDV caused dramatically inhibition of multiplication in cell cultures. The levels of viral RNAs, proteins, and infectious particles in the BHK-21 cells infected were more greatly reduced along with the passage from $Rp_1$ to $Rp_5$, moreover, nucleocapsid protein could not be detected and no recovery of infectious virus in the supernatant or detection of intracellular viral RNA was observed at the $Rp_5$-infected cells. A high mutation rate, giving rise to an 8-and 11-fold increase in mutagenesis and resulting in some amino acid substitutions, was found in viral RNA synthesized at a single round of virus infection in the presence of ribavirin of $1000\;{\mu}M$ and caused a 99.7% loss in viral infectivity in contrast with parallel untreated control virus. These results suggest that the antiviral molecular mechanism of ribavirin is based on the lethal mutagenesis/error catastrophe, that is, the ribavirin is not merely an antiviral reagent but also an effective mutagen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.708-716
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• 2012

In order to investigate and evaluate the effects of red deer antlers on hair growth in the full-thickness wound healing model, Sprague-Dawley rats were given incision wounds through the full thickness of their dorsal skin and deer antler was applied for 40 days. At specified intervals thereafter (4, 8, 16, 32 and 40 days), the animals were sacrificed and the wound site skins were excised, processed, and sectioned. At post-injury days 16, 32 and 40, longer and more active new hair appeared around the healing wound of antler-treated skin. Histological studies showed that the antler extract markedly increases the depth, size, and number of hair follicles. Expression of IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor) mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR. The result showed that the expression of IGF-I (days 16, 32, and 40) was obviously up-regulated in antler-treated skins compared to control skins. Similar results were seen in the ELISA analysis to quantify the IGF-I expression. These results support the notion that wound healing can cause hair growth by enhancing the expression of IGF-I. Deer antler extract appears to have the potential to promote hair growth and could be used in hair growth products.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.7179-7186
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• 2013

Background and Aims: Scutellaria is one of the most popular traditional Chinese herbal remedies against various human diseases, including cancer. In this study, we examined the active effects of Scutellaria extract and its main flavonoid constituents on the proportion of side population cells within human multiple myeloma cell line RPMI8226 in vitro and explored the potential molecular mechanisms involved. Materials and Methods: The contents of flavonoids in ethanolic extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. The antiproliferative effect of the ethanolic extract on RPMI-8226 was determined by CCK assay. Apoptosis was measured by annexin combining with propidium iodide in a flow cytometer. Cell cycle analysis was performed by propidium iodide staining in combination with flow cytometry analysis. Hoechst 33342 exclusion assay was used for the identification of side population within RPMI8226 cells. The expression of ABCG2 protein was assessed by Western blotting assay. Results: The content of major flavonoids constitutents of Scutellaria extract was baicalin (10.2%), wogonoside (2.50%), baicalein (2.29%), and wogonin (0.99%), respectively. The crude Scutellaria extract did not show significant anti-proliferative effect, apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in RPMI-8226 within the concentrations of $1-75{\mu}g/mL$. However, the ethanolic extract, baicalein, wogonin and baicalin reduced the side population cells in RPMI-8226, and data showed that baicalein and wogonin had stronger inhibitory effects. Correspondingly, they also exhibited significant effects on decreasing the expression level of ABCG2 protein in RPMI-8226 in vitro. Conclusions: Our results for the first time demonstrated a novel mechanism of action for Scutellaria extract and its main active flavonoids, namely targeting SP cells by modulating the expression of ABCG2 protein. This study provides an insight for new therapeutic strategies targeting cancer stem cells of multiple myeloma.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.272-277
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• 2010

The glass-ceramics containing bottom ash (B/A) which was a by-produced from an electrical power plant was fabricated and its crystalline phase, microstructure and mechanical properties were analyzed. At first, the glass was fabricated by adding modifier oxide $Li_2O$ to lower the melting temperature of coal bottom ash. The glass obtained was heat-treated by using a 2-stage process to crystallize, that is to say, to increase the degree of crystallization in the glass-ceramics, the first heat treatment for nucleation was performed followed by the secondary one for the growth of nucleates. The main crystalline phase formed in the glass-ceramics was ${\beta}$-spodumene and the secondary phase was $L_2SiO_3$. It was recognized that the degree of crystallization of glass-ceramics was increased with a holding time of the secondary heat treatment stage. In the case of the specimens hold up to 3 hour, the crystallization was not completed and the microstructures and morphologies of crystalline phase were not uniform. In the specimens of holding time over 9 hours, the cracks were generated inside of it, so its compressive strength would decrease due them. In conclusion, it was able to obtain the optimum condition to fabriate the glass-ceramics having the properties of high crystallization degree, uniform microstructures and morphologies and the high mechanical strength.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1693-1697
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• 2012

Objective: To explore the effect on radiosensitivity of arsenic trioxide ($As_20_3$) in conjunction with hyperthermia on the esophageal carcinoma EC-1 cell line. Method: Inhibition of EC-1 cell proliferation at different concentrations of $As_20_3$ was assessed using the methyl thiazolyl blue colorimetric method (MTT method), with calculation of $IC_{50}$ value and choice of 20% of the $IC_{50}$ as the experimental drug concentration. Blank control, $As_20_3$, hyperthermia, radiotherapy group, $As_20_3$ + hyperthermia, $As_20_3$ + radiotherapy, hyperthermia + radiotherapy and $As_20_3$ + hyperthermia + radiotherapy groups were established, and the cell survival fraction (SF) was calculated from flat panel colony forming analysis, and fitted by the 'multitarget click mathematical model'. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to detect changes in cell apoptosis and the cell cycle. Results: $As_20_3$ exerted inhibitory effects on proliferation of esophageal carcinoma EC-1 cells, with an $IC_{50}$ of 18.7 ${\mu}mol/L$. After joint therapy of $As_20_3$ + hyperthermia + radiotherapy, the results of FCM showed that cells could be arrested in the $G_2$/M phase, and as the ratio of cells in $G_0/G_1$ and S phases decreased, cell death became more pronounced. Conclusion: $As_20_3$ and hyperthermia exert radiosensitivity effects on esophageal carcinoma EC-1 cells, with synergy in combination. Mechanistically, $As_20_3$ and hyperthermia mainly influence the cell cycle distribution of EC-1 esophageal carcinoma cells, decreasing the repair of sublethal damage and inducing apoptosis, thereby enhancing the killing effects of radioactive rays.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.469-476
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• 2009

The new laser scanning technology allows to attain 3D information faster with higher accuracy on surface ground, vegetation and buildings of the earth surface. This acquired information can be used in many areas after modifying them appropriately by users. The contour production for accurate landform is an advanced technology that can reveal the mountain area landscapes hidden by the trees in detail. However, if extremely precise LiDAR data is used in constructing the contour, massive-sized data intricates the contour diagram and could amplify the data size inefficiently. This study illustrates the algorithm producing contour that is filtered in stages for more efficient utilization using the LiDAR contour produced by the detailed landscape data. This filtering stages allow to preserve the original landscape shape and to keep the data size small. Point Filtering determines the produced contour diagram shape and could minimize data size. Thus, in this study we compared experimentally filtered contour with the current digital map(1:5,000).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.265-271
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• 2010

This paper discusses a new software package, DEM_Comp, developed for effectively compressing large digital elevation model (DEM) data sets based on Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) compression and Huffman coding. DEM_Comp was developed using the $C^{++}$ language running on a Windows-series operating system. DEM_Comp was also tested on various test sites with different territorial attributes, and the results were evaluated. Recently, a high-resolution version of the DEM has been obtained using new equipment and the related technologies of LiDAR (LIght Detection And Radar) and SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar). DEM compression is useful because it helps reduce the disk space or transmission bandwidth. Generally, data compression is divided into two processes: i) analyzing the relationships in the data and ii) deciding on the compression and storage methods. DEM_Comp was developed using a three-step compression algorithm applying a DEM with a regular grid, Lempel-Ziv compression, and Huffman coding. When pre-processing alone was used on high- and low-relief terrain, the efficiency was approximately 83%, but after completing all three steps of the algorithm, this increased to 97%. Compared with general commercial compression software, these results show approximately 14% better performance. DEM_Comp as developed in this research features a more efficient way of distributing, storing, and managing large high-resolution DEMs.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.59
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• pp.89-120
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• 2018

This paper is a study of the beginning pattern of simseul argument in the 19th century, based on the letter written by Hanju(1818~1886) and Mangu(1837~ 1902). In the text, I analyzed the theoretical differences between Mangu and Hanju that inherited from the study of Jungjae, is to expand the scope of the dispute between the Hanju and Mangu which to provide the beginning pattern of simseul argument. By revealing the theoretical difference between Hanju and Mangu, in the opposite direction, the content of the simseul argument between the Hanju and Jungjae's developed could be clearer. In the Hanjujip, there are nine letters to Mangu, there are also three letters to the Mangujip. These letters show a certain difference in the learning of the two people. So the text focuses on the content of these letters and reveals their theoretical differences, eventually it is confirmed that their theoretical differences lead to the beginning pattern of simseul argument. In particular, interpretation of LiKi leads to interpretation of Sim. Sim interpretation centers on the interpretation of the Zhuxi's 'Ki of Jungsang' meaning, while Hanju emphasizes to see as Lee, Mangu emphasizes that as the sum of Liki. 'Ki of Jungsang' is an interpretation of Zhuxi' Sim, and in the end, interpretation of 'Ki of Jungsang' means interpretation of Sim. Thus, while Hanju tried to see of Li, Mangu wanted to see at the sum of LiKi. This is simseul argument between Hanju and Man-gu, which was unfolded in the extension of the 19th century's simseul argument of erection. Through their argument, they are going to use it as an opportunity to review details of how the debate started in the Toegye school.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.59
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• pp.405-428
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• 2015

Painting theorists in Song dynasty often spoke 'Li' when they talked about paintings. But 'Li' of the song dynasty is not limited to the 'ethics'. First, it includes visible 'natural's truth', such as the differences of 'geography' and 'physics' between the depicted objects. Second, it also includes 'common sense' which was based on both the observation and the thinking. The theorists thought if the 'common sense' was improper in the painting, the whole work was invalid. Thirdly, it also includes 'the reasonable sense in special situation', which requires great imagination ability and elaborative faculty. For example, when playing wind instruments and stringed instruments in the same time at the same concert, the painter should accurately draw the different gestures of musicians according to that the wind instrument is 'sound when the finger lift' and the stringed instrument is 'sound after the finger have left' in that moment. Fourthly, it includes 'art reason', theorists call it as 'ShenLi' or 'MiaoLi'. 'ShenLi' or 'MiaoLi' require the creator to join the spiritual concept besides his observation and thinking. For example, 'banana in snow' is neither observed available nor thought of available, but is the result of spiritual concept of creators for seeking everlasting. And at last, it certainly includes 'the principle of ethics'. Painters often highlighted the ethical relations of the feudal nation and the value of individual gentleman through the allegory story of figure painting and even the sudden composition in the landscape painting. 'Geography', 'physical', and 'common sense' are required the meticulous observation and the rational thinking for the painted object. And 'the reasonable sense in special situation', 'the art reason', 'the principle of ethics' are required enhancing painting style in the painting artistic conception and realm of life based on the nuanced observation, making 'technology' into the 'Tao'. This is the six reasonable increasing requirements for the painting work. Therefore, 'seeking the final reason' is the fundamental spirit of painting theory of Song Dynasty.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to present clinical utility of therapeutic exercise on the neck and shoulder parts based on the movement system impairment syndrome(MSIS) as Dong-Qi therapy of the Dong-Si Acupuncture and was to examine which Dong-Si acupoints were most effective and non-invasive when performing therapeutic exercise of the MSIS. Methods : Totally eight therapeutic exercises correspondent to eight neck and shoulder MSIS were summarized and tabulated from the Diagnosis and Treatment of Movement Impairment Syndrome and Movement System Impairment Syndromes Of The Extremities, Cervical and Thoracic Spines by Sahrmann SA. Together with the MSIS summaries, acupuncture points and Dong-Qi therapy were summarized and tabulated from Yangweijiequanji 1 and Yangweijiequanji 2 by Yangweijie. According to the posture and movement of the MSIS exercise, effective and non-invasive acupoints were selected. Thereafter, clinical pilot study which five normal volunteers participated in were performed to examine whether these acupoints resulted in any side effects of acupuncture therapy such as pain and distortion of the needle during the MSIS exercises. Results : Through clinical pilot study, ZhongZi, ZhongXian, ZhengJin, ZhengZong and MuLiu in a sitting position, and HuaGuYi, ZhongZi and ZhongXian in a supine position were finally determined as safe and non-invasive Dong-Si acupoints to treat cervical pain. In terms of shoulder pain, ZuQianJin, ZuWuJin, HuaGuEr and JianZhong in a supine position, SiHuaZhong, ZuQianJin, ZuWuJin, QuLing, JianZhong, ShenGuan and JiuLi in a standing position, and ZuQianJin, ZuWuJin, HuaGuEr, QuLing and JianZhong in a prone position were finally accepted as safe and non-invasive Dong-Si acupoints. Conclusion : It is concluded that Dong-Si acupoints can be safely and non-invasively used together with therapeutic exercises of the MSIS to treat cervical and shoulder pains.