• 한국시조학회지:시조학논총
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• 제25집
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• pp.101-127
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• 2006

장육당은 이별의 호이다. 그는 재사당(再思當) 이원의 아우다. 이원은 성종 20년에 급제하여 김종직의 문인으로 몰려 갑자사화에 죽임을 당하였다. 이별은 형 원이 나주로 귀양감에 교외에서 눈물로 이별하였다. 이로부터 과거에 응하지 않았다. 황해도의 평산에 집을 짓고, 그 집의 이름을 장육당이라 하였다. 늘 소를 타고 술을 싣고 향사의 기로들을 이끌고 낚시를 하기도 하고, 혹은 사냥도 하였다. 시를 읊고 술을 마시며 해가 저물어도 돌아가기를 잊었다. 술을 마실 때마다 취하고, 취하면 노래하고, 혹 눈물 흘리며 울어 슬퍼하였다. 이별이 당호를 장육당이라 함은 $\ulcorner$잡아함경$\lrcorner$의 '거북이 있었는데 야간(野干)이란 짐승에게 잡히었다. 머리와 꼬리 그리고 네 발을 껍질 속에 감추고 내놓지 않으니 야간이 성을 내다가 가 버렸다. 부처님이 여러 비구들에게 말하기를 '너희들은 마땅히 거북이 머리와 꼬리 그리고 네 발을 감추듯이 스스로 육근(六根)을 감추고 있으면 마귀가 함부로 할 수 없다'고 하였다'에서 취한 것이리라. 장육당은 재사당의 아우요 사육신인 박팽년의 외손자이다. 갑자사화에 형이화를 입음에 그의 형제들도 연좌되었다. 연산군이 폐위된 뒤에도 세상에 나오지 않았다 그런데 장육당의 <육가>라는 것이 세상에 전파되었다. 퇴계는 이 이별을 평하여 ' 매우 오만하게도 세상을 버리고 자취를 숨겼다' 하였다. 퇴계는 노래 부르기(부르도록 하기) 위하여 우리말로 가사를 짓고자 하였다. 그러나 전래하는 우리의 가곡이란 대체로 그 말이 음왜하기 때문에 말할 것이 못되었다. 그가 말한 우리말의 노래란<쌍화점>과 같은 비문인들의 가사를 가리킨 것이다. 그래서 문인들이 지은 <한림별곡>을 거론하게 되었는데, 그것마저 긍호방탕하고 설만희압하여 군자들이 마땅히 숭상할 바가 못된다고 거부하였다. 이 때 눈에 띈 것이 이별의 <육가>였다. 이별도 문인이었기에 한림들의 <한림별곡>과 비교해 볼 수 있었다 <육가>가 더 낫다고 판단하였다. 판단의 기준으로는 형식과 내용이 다 고려되었을 것이다. 이런 기준으로 보면 <육가>가 더 낫기는 하지만, 아깝게도 완세불공(玩世不恭)의 뜻이 있고 온유돈후(溫柔敦厚)한 내실(內實)이 적다는 흠결을 발견하였다. 그러나 퇴계는 이 <육가>를 약방(略倣)하여 <도산육곡> 두 편을 지었다. 그러고도 이것이 료단(鬧端)을 일으킬지 모른다고 걱정하였다. 퇴계가 말한 '온유돈후'는 시교(詩敎)의 이상(理想)이다. 이 시교는 이미 한대(漢代)의 $\ulcorner$예(禮)$\lrcorner$에서 표방되어 온유돈후(溫柔敦厚) 시교야(詩敎也)'라 못박고. 플어서 '온(溫) 위안색온윤(爲顔色溫潤) 유(柔) 위청성화유(爲情性和柔), 시의위풍간(詩依違諷諫) 부지절사정(不指切事情) 고운온유돈후시교지야(故云溫柔敦厚是詩敎也)' 라 하였다. <육가>에는 이 시교의 외면적인 따스함과 내면적인 정(情)과 성(性)의 부드러움이 적고. 그 반대로 풍간하여 지절사정(指切事情)함이 강하였던 모양이다. 풍간하여 사정(事情)을 매몰차게 지적하여 논평하였음을 퇴계는 '완세불공(玩迷不恭)'이라고 판단했을 것이다. 장육당은 청(淸)과 탁(濁)이 있음을 알지 못하고. 그것의 분별도 하지 못하는 세상 사람들을 완농(玩弄)하였다. 그러므로 그는 진환(塵　)에서 초연(超然)했던 것이다. 천석고황(泉石膏　)으로 태평성대(太平聖代)에 사시가흥(四時佳興)을 한가지로 하는 퇴계와는 그래서 다르다. 퇴계는 순풍(淳風)과 어진 인성(人性)을 긍정하였기에 만족하고. '고인(古人)의 녀던 길'을 끊임없이 행(行)하고자 하였다. 여기에서 '완세불공(玩世不恭)'과 '온유돈후(溫柔敦厚)'가 판별되어진다. 장육당이 '완세불공(玩世不恭)'했다면, 그것은 자취(自取)한 것이요. 퇴계의 '온유돈후(溫柔敦厚)'함도 스스로 취한 태도이다. 이 자취(自取)항에 시비(是非)할 일은 아니다. 그런데도 장육당이 너무 우뚝하기에 퇴계는 '위태견연(爲太傲然) 위태오연(遺世放跡)'이라 비판하였다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2015

The seed of Vigna angularis has long been cultivated as a food or a folk medicine in East Asia. Genistein (4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone), a dietary phytoestrogen present in this plant, has been known to possess various biological properties. In this study, we investigated the possible lifespan-extending effects of genistein using Caenorhabditis elegans model system. We found that the lifespan of nematode was significantly prolonged in the presence of genistein under normal culture condition. In addition, genistein elevated the survival rate of nematode against stressful environment including heat and oxidative conditions. Further studies demonstrated that genistein-mediated increased stress tolerance of nematode could be attributed to enhanced expressions of stress resistance proteins such as superoxide dismutase (SOD-3) and heat shock protein (HSP-16.2). Moreover, we failed to find genistein-induced significant change in aging-related factors including reproduction, food intake, and growth, indicating genistein exerts longevity activity independent of affecting these factors. Genistein treatment also led to an up-regulation of locomotory ability of aged nematode, suggesting genistein affects healthspan as well as lifespan of nematode. Our results represent that genistein has beneficial effects on the lifespan of C. elegans under both of normal and stress condition via elevating expressions of stress resistance proteins.

• 생약학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.234-242
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• 2015

Allium hookeri (Liliaceae), native to India is widely cultivated in Korea lately as a medicinal plant. This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant and lifespan extending effects of the root of A. hookeri. Methanol extract from the root of A. hookeri was successively partitioned as methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and H₂O soluble fractions. Antioxidant effects of the fractions were measured by measuring the radical scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and superoxide quenching activities. Lifespan extending effects of the fractions were investigated using Caenorhabditis elegans model system. In addition, stress resistant, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were also studied. Furthermore, we had investigated aging-related factors such as reproduction, food intake, growth and movement of C. elegans to find any sample-induced significant change. Our results revealed that ethyl acetate soluble fraction from the root of A. hookeri showed the most potent antioxidant and lifespan extending effects, and this fraction elevated the most potent SOD and catalase activities of worms, and reduce intracellular ROS accumulation.

• 생약학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.214-222
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• 2015

Recently, many studies have focused on the aging and oxidative stress. Several papers reported that Vigna angularis has various biological properties including antiaging, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Methanol extract from the red bean sprouts was successively partitioned as n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and H₂O soluble fractions. We had studied lifespan extending and stress resistant effects of the fractions using Caenorhabditis elegans. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activities, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were also investigated. Moreover, we had studied to find any significant change in aging-related factors such as reproduction, food intake, growth and movement of C. elegans. Our results represent that ethyl acetate fraction showed the most potent lifespan extending and stress resistant effects, and this fraction was able to elevate SOD and catalase activities of worms, and reduce intracellular ROS accumulation.

• 생약학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2014

After harvesting the medicinal parts of Curcuma longa, the remaining underground parts were discarded. From the remaining underground parts of Curcuma longa quercetin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside-7-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranoside (Q37) was isolated. The antioxidant activities in vitro and lifespan-extension effect of Q37 were elucidated using the Caenorhabditis elegans. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect of Q37 showed similar potent activities in comparison with vitamin C. Q37 also showed potent superoxide quenching activities as measured by the riboflavin- and xanthine-originated superoxide quenching activity tests. Q37 prolonged lifespan of worms under normal culture condition. In terms of protective effect of Q37 on the stress conditions such as thermal and oxidative stresses, Q37-treated worms exhibited enhanced survival rate, as compared to control worms. To know the possible mechanism of Q37-mediated increased lifespan and stress resistance of worms, we examined the activities of Q37on superoxide dismutase (SOD), and invested intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The results revealed that Q37 was able to elevate SOD activity of worms and reduce intracellular ROS accumulation in a dose-dependent manner.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.568-575
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• 2018

In order to discover lifespan-extending compounds made from natural resources, activity-guided fractionation of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) ethanol extract was performed using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model system. The compound 6-gingerol was isolated from the most active ethyl acetate soluble fraction, and showed potent longevity-promoting activity. It also elevated the survival rate of worms against stressful environment including thermal, osmotic, and oxidative conditions. Additionally, 6-gingerol elevated the antioxidant enzyme activities of C. elegans, and showed a dose-depend reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in worms. Further studies demonstrated that the increased stress tolerance of 6-gingerol-mediated worms could result from the promotion of stress resistance proteins such as heat shock protein (HSP-16.2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD-3). The lipofuscin levels in 6-gingerol treated intestinal worms were decreased in comparison to the control group. No significant 6-gingerol-related changes, including growth, food intake, reproduction, and movement were noted. These results suggest that 6-gingerol exerted longevity-promoting activities independently of these factors and could extend the human lifespan.

• BMB Reports
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• 제44권9호
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• pp.566-571
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• 2011

Although the phospholipase C (PLC)${\beta}$-1 isoform is associated with spontaneous seizure and distinctively expressed in the telencephalon, the distribution of PLC${\beta}$-1 expression in the epileptic gerbil hippocampus remains controversial. Therefore, we determined whether PLC${\beta}$-1 is associated with spontaneous seizure in an animal model of genetic epilepsy. In the present study, PLC${\beta}$-1 immunoreactivity was down-regulated in seizure-sensitive (SS) gerbils more than in seizure-resistant (SR) gerbils. The expression of PLC${\beta}$-1 within calretinin (CR)-positive neurons was rarely detected within the dentate hilar region of SS gerbils. PLC${\beta}$-1 immunoreactivity in the hippocampus was significantly elevated as compared to that in pre-seizure SS gerbil 3 h post-ictal. These findings suggest that alterations in PLC${\beta}$-1 immunoreactivity in the SS gerbil hippocampus may be closely related to the epileptic state of the gerbil brain and transiently elevated PLC${\beta}$-1 protein levels following seizure episodes. Such alterations may be compensatory responses in the SS gerbil hippocampus.

• 생약학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2017

This study was performed to evaluate the lifespan extending effects of the dried ginger (Zingiber officnale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae). Ethanol extract of the dried ginger was successively partitioned as methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and $H_2O$ soluble fractions, and lifespan-extending effects of the fractions were investigated using Caenorhabditis elegans model system. Ethyl acetate-soluble fraction showed the most potent longevity property. Furthermore, ethyl acetate-soluble fraction elevated thermal stress tolerance, and increased expression of stress resistance protein. Further studies were performed to investigate several aging-related factors such as reproduction, food intake, growth and movement of C. elegans. The results revealed that there were no significant changes in aging-related factors including reproduction, food intake and growth, however, ethyl acetate-soluble fraction treatment led to an up-regulation of locomotory ability of aged worms, suggesting ethyl acetate-soluble fraction affected healthspan as well as lifespan of nematode.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.2155-2161
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• 2015

This study suggests an optical method to measure cardinal of gait (step width, step length, and stride length) with position sensitive detector (PSD). The effect of reflector’s shape (flat and cylinder) on the PSD output voltage was examined for the application of the suggested system to real situations with a curved shape reflector (e.g. shoes). Various mathematical models were evaluated to find the optimal equation for the distance measurement. Considering the effect of shape on detected signal, the inverse polynomial model was developed. The suggested method is simple to operate, low in cost, small in size, and can evaluate gait parameters in real time. This method is expected to be useful in the field of rehabilitation and sport science

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.771-783
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• 2018

Objectives: This study aimed to identify methods that help medical consumers to be aware of relevant information regarding changes in dental health insurance policy. Methods: The following results were obtained from a survey regarding awareness and satisfaction with dental health insurance policy among the general public aged 20 years or older in Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, and other areas from August 1, 2017 to August 23, 2017. Results: The correlation between adults' awareness of and satisfaction with dental health insurance was 0.471, where satisfaction with dental health insurance was enhanced with increasing awareness of dental health insurance (p<0.001). Factors that significantly affected awareness of dental health insurance were marriage (married p<0.05), medical service (dental university hospital, p<0.01), and satisfaction with dental health insurance (p<0.001); these factors explained 29.2% of the variance. Factors that significantly affected satisfaction with dental health insurance were final education (high school graduation, p<0.05), medical service (dental hospital, p<0.05), and awareness of dental health insurance (p<0.001); these factors explained 27.8% of the variance. Conclusions: Importantly, awareness of the government's operation of dental health insurance and the benefits of such dental health insurance were low, suggesting that the government and national health insurance agency should improve the level of transparency in dental health insurance operations and continuously promote dental health insurance benefits to the public.