• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.185-192
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• 2008

The crosstalk is the most serious problem in playing audio signals with more than two speakers. Usually an inverse filter is employed to remove such a Phenomenon. The LNS method, one of most effective design techniques for an inverse filter, has some advantages such as easy implementation and quick computation. However, the inverse filter designed by the LNS method is not easy to adapt immediately for the delivery system change since the pre-measured impulse response is used to design the filter. In this work, we present an adaptive algorithm for the inverse filter design. With the present algorithm. the inverse filter is initially designed by the LNS methods and continuously adjusted to cope with the delivery system changes. To verify the proposed method. some simulations were carried out and the results confirmed that the performance of the crosstalk calculation can be improved in entire frequency range.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.8
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• pp.53-60
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• 2009

A low-power/small-area 128-point FFT processor is designed, which is based on logarithmic number system (LNS) and some design techniques to minimize both hardware complexity and arithmetic error. The complex-number multiplications and additions/subtractions for FFT computation are implemented with LNS adders and look-up table (LUT) rather than using conventional two's complement multipliers and adders. Our design reduces the gate counts by 21% and the memory size by 16% when compared to the conventional two's complement implementation. Also, the estimated power consumption is reduced by about 18%. The LNS-based FFT processor synthesized with 0.35 ${\mu}m$ CMOS standard cell library has 39,910 gates and 2,880 bits memory. It can compute a 128-point FIT in 2.13 ${\mu}s$ with 60 MHz@2.5V, and has the average SQNR of 40.7 dB.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.221-225
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• 2006

Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV) and Broad bean wilt virus 2(BBWV2) were isolated from Gentiana scabra plants showing typical mosaic and yellowing symptoms. When the inoculum of mosaic symptom propagated in Nicotiana benthamiana was inoculated to primary leaves of Vigna sinensis, the local lesions of different types was developed. Type one produced a small necrotic spot(SNS) of pinpoint type, while the other one showed a large necrotic spot(LNS) of halo type. LNS on primary leaves of V. sinensis was also induced by inoculum from yellowing symptom on G scabra. Single lesion from SNS induced a typical mosaic symptom on N. Benthamiana. On the other hand, LNS produced a chlorotic ring symptom on inoculated leaves and mosaic plus necrotic ringspot on upper leaves of N. benthamiana. An isolate of CMV from SNS and BBWV2 from LNS were detected by using dsRNA analysis, RT-PCR and agar gel double-diffusion test. Thus, our results should provide a tool of a simple method for discrimination from mixed infected plants by CMV and BBWV2.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.82 no.5
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• pp.1246-1257
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• 2021

Purpose To assess the predictive factors and describe the imaging features of mediastinal lymph node (MLN) metastases in patients with head and neck cancer. Materials and Methods We compared the clinical features and disease characteristics (sex, age, site of primary tumor, histologic type, history of prior treatments, TNM stages, and metastasis in cervical LNs) of patients with head and neck cancers between the MLN metastasis and no MLN metastasis groups. We also evaluated the chest CT (distribution and maximum dimension of the largest LN) and PET/CT (maximum standardized uptake value) features of MLN metastases based on the MLN classification. Results Of the 470 patients with head and neck cancer, 55 (11.7%) had MLN metastasis, involving 150 mediastinal stations. Hypopharynx cancer, recurrent tumor, T4 stage, N2/N3 stages, and M1 stage were found to be significant predicting factors for MLN metastasis. The most common location of MLN metastasis was ipsilateral station 2 (upper paratracheal LNs, 36.4%), followed by ipsilateral station 11 (interlobar LNs, 27.3%) and ipsilateral station 10 (hilar LNs, 25.5%). Conclusion Metastasis to MLNs should be considered in patients with head and neck cancer, especially in cases that are associated with a hypopharyngeal cancer, recurrent tumor, and high TNM stages.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.154-160
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• 2006

Purpose: According to the 2nd English Edition of the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association (JGCA) in 1998, in case of distal gastric cancer, the 14v (superior mesenteric vein) lymph node (LN) is included in the N2 group. However, in Korea, a modified radical gastrectomy is performed, and a 14v LN dissection is not done as a routine procedure. Thus, we investigated the rate of metastatic 14v LNs, evaluated the necessity of dissection of the 14v LN, and searched for indications of 14v LN dissection. Materials and Methods: From April 2004 to August 2005, we enrolled the patients who were diagnosed as having advanced gastric cancer in the distal third portion of the stomach. We peformed a distal gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection as defined in the 2nd English edition of the JGCA classification. We calculated the positive rate of metastatic LNs of each station and analyzed the relationship between the positive rates of No.6 LNs and 14v LNs. We also compared the positive 14v LN group with the negative 14v LN group. Results: The total number of patients was 50, the mean age was 56 (range $30{\sim}80$) years, and sex ratio (Male/Female) was 1.63 : 1. In 47 (94%) cases, distal a gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy was done, and in the remaining 3 (6%) cases, a distal gastrectomy with gastrojejunostomy was done. The most frequently metastatic LNs were nos. 3 and 6 (54%). The metastatic rate of the f4v LN was 10%, which was similar to that of LN no. 9. In the comparison of the 14v positive group with the 14v negative group, there were significant differences in the numbers of metastatic LNs (mean 25.4 vs 4.91, P<0.001) and the numbers of metastatic no. 6 LNs, (mean 6.8 vs 1.42, P<0.001), and if no. 6 LNs were metastatic, the possibility of metastasis to the 14v LN was 19.2%. In the 14v positive group, all cases were more than stage 3 by the UICC 6th edition. Conclusion: In cases of advanced cancer with metastasis to the no. 6 IN, there was a good chance of metastasis to the 14v LN. Thus, in the operative field, if the tumor is advanced to more than stage 3 by the UICC classification and the no. 6 LN is metastatic, a 14v LN dissection is necessary. However, the usefulness of a 14v LN dissection should be evaluated prospectively through an analysis of tumor recurrence and long-term survival.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.895-898
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• 2005

This paper describes a design of LNS-based divider and square-root circuits which are key arithmetic units in graphic processor and digital signal processor. To achive area-efficient and low-power that is an essential consideration for mobile environment, a fixed-point format of 16.16 is adopted instead of conventional floating-point format. The designed divider and square-root units consist of binary-to-logarithm converter, subtractor, logarithm-to-binary converter. The binary to logarithm converter is designed using combinational logic based on six regions approximation method. As a result, gate count reduction is obtained when compared with conventional lookup approack. The designed units is 3,130 gate count and 1,280 gate count. To minimize average percent error 3.8% and 4.2%. error compensation method is employed.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.646-656
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• 2004

Background : The aim of this study was to elucidate the mediastinal lymphatic drainage of nonsmall- cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the frequency of enlarged mediastinal lymph node (LN) in 256 NSCLC patients with N2 or N3 diseases on CT scan, especially with respect to the location of primary tumor. Results : In 57 patients with right upper lobe (RUL) tumors, right lower paratracheal LN (89.5%) was the most commonly enlarged, followed by subcarinal LN (54.4%). In 61 patients with left upper lobe (LUL) tumors, left lower paratracheal (70.5%) and subaortic LNs (52.5%) were commonly enlarged. Subcarinal LN enlargement without ipsilateral superior mediastinal LN enlargement was rarely found in both upper lobe tumors; RUL 8.8%, LUL 6.6%. In patients with right or left lower lobe (RLL or LLL) tumors, the most commonly enlarged LN was subcarinal; 88.2%, 65.7%, respectively. In RLL tumors with both subcarinal and superior mediastinal LN enlargements, the frequency of ipsilateral superior mediastinal LN involvement was similar to that of bilateral superior mediastinal involvement. In LLL tumors with both subcarinal and superior mediastinal LN enlargements, bilateral superior mediastinal involvement was more frequent than ipsilateral superior mediastinal involvement. Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that both upper lobe tumors are mainly drained directly to ipsilateral superior mediastinal LNs, and that both lower lobe lesions are drained to superior mediastinal LN via subcarinal LNs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2003.10c
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• pp.145-147
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• 2003

홈 제어 네트워크는 전력선으로 대표되는 물리적 네트워크를 기반으로 저속의 신뢰도 있는 통신을 한다. 현재 홈 제어 네트워크의 표준으로 거론되고 있는 것들은 CEBUS, EIB, LonWorks 등이 있다. 본 논문에서는 ETRI에서 작년에 개발한 론웍스(LonWorks) 시스템을 구성 관리하는 서버 소프트웨어인 LonWare(version 2.0)의 다중 바인딩을 지원하기 위한 연결(Connections) 구조를 제안한다. Echelon사에서 제안하는 LonWorks 시스템의 구성관리 도구로서의 LonMaker는 자체적으로 개발한 LNS (LonWorks Network Service)라고 하는 비 표준화된 구성 관리 기술을 통해서 네트워크를 관리하도록 지원하며, 상기한 LNS를 인프라로 활용하는 도구로서, LNS는 빌딩 혹은 가정 내에 LonWorks 네트워크로 연결되어 있는 디바이스들에 대한 정보를 DB화하여 구축된 자료를 기반 으로 디바이스들간에 연동이 가능하도록 지원한다. 그러나 고가이며, 바인딩 과정 시 론웍스 네트워크 상에 필요 이상의 패킷을 발생시켜 전력선 채널의 Bandwidth를 감소시키며, 또한 바이딩 과정을 마치는데 걸리는 시간을 증가시킨다. 이에 본 논문에서는 다중 바이딩을 지원하는 홈 네트워크 구성 관리 서버 소프트웨어의 연결 구조를 통해서 LonWare v2.0의 유니캐스트(unicast) 바이딩시 발생 했던 모든 문제를 제거하고, 바인딩에 필요한 패킷을 최적화 하여 바인딩에 걸리는 시간을 단축시키며, 성능의 주요한 요소인 디바이스의 리소스를 최소화하는 방법으로 접근하여 바인딩 시 처리능력의 한계를 가지고 있는 뉴런칩 기반의 론웍스 디바이스의 시스템 사양에 영향을 주지 않도록 제안하였다. 제안된 리눅스 기반의 홈 네트워크 구성 관리 소프트웨어의 다중 바인딩 기능을 통해 론웍스 네트워크상의 다양한 디바이스들간의 네트워크 다양화와 분산화 기능을 얻을 수 있었고, 기존의 고가의 해외 솔루션인 Echelon사의 LonMaker 소프트웨어를 사용하지 않고도 국내의 순수 솔루션인 리눅스 기반의 LonWare 3.0 다중 바인딩 기능을 통해 저 비용으로 홈 네트워크 구성 관리 서버 시스템 개발에 대한 비용을 줄일 수 있다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.827-832
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• 1997

Lung volume reduction surgery(LVRS) has recently been advocated as an alternative or a bridge to lung transplantation for patients with evere dibbling emphysema. This procedure is a palliative treatment performed to alleviate the dyspnea of patients with emphysema and improve performance in the activities of daily living. The rationale of lung volume reduction for generalized emphysema is that the removing of the diseased and functionless lung may improve the function of remaining, less diseased lung. The factors critical to the success of LVRS are careful patient selection, accurate localization of target areas, meticulous anesthetic and operative technique, and intensive postoperative support. We have experienced a case of severe emphysema in a 59-year-old male patient. After selection process and pulmonary rehabilitation, the patient was treated with video-assisted thoracoscopic LVRS and the post-operative course was uneventful.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.84 no.6
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• pp.1290-1308
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• 2023

Purpose To compare the diagnostic performance of rectal CT with that of high-resolution rectal MRI and histopathology in assessing rectal cancer. Materials and Methods Sixty-seven patients with rectal cancer who underwent rectal CT with rectal distension using sonographic gel and high-resolution MRI were enrolled in this study. The distance from the anal verge/anorectal junction, distance to the mesorectal fascia (MRF), extramural depth (EMD), extramesorectal lymph node (LN) involvement, extramural venous invasion (EMVI), and T/N stages in rectal CT/MRI were analyzed by two gastrointestinal radiologists. The CT findings of 20 patients who underwent radical surgery without concurrent chemoradiotherapy were compared using histopathology. Interclass correlations and kappa statistics were used. Results The distance from the anal verge/anorectal junction showed an excellent intraclass correlation between CT and MRI for both reviewers. For EMD, the distance to the MRF, presence of LNs, extramesorectal LN metastasis, EMVI, T stage, and intermodality kappa or weighted kappa values between CT and MRI showed excellent agreement. Among the 20 patients who underwent radical surgery, T staging, circumferential resection margin involvement, EMVI, and LN metastasis on rectal CT showed acceptable concordance rates with histopathology. Conclusion Dedicated rectal CT may be on par with rectal MRI in providing critical information to patients with rectal cancer.