Acknowledgement
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2021R1F1A1046393) and from the Seoul National University Hospital Research Fund No. 04-2020-2010.
References
- Heald RJ, Ryall RD. Recurrence and survival after total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet 1986;1:1479-1482
- Gaertner WB, Kwaan MR, Madoff RD, Melton GB. Rectal cancer: an evidence-based update for primary care providers. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:7659-7671
- Wibe A, Rendedal PR, Svensson E, Norstein J, Eide TJ, Myrvold HE, et al. Prognostic significance of the circumferential resection margin following total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2002;89:327-334
- Liu Q, Luo D, Cai S, Li Q, Li X. Circumferential resection margin as a prognostic factor after rectal cancer surgery: a large population-based retrospective study. Cancer Med 2018;7:3673-3681
- Kim TH, Jeong SY, Choi DH, Kim DY, Jung KH, Moon SH, et al. Lateral lymph node metastasis is a major cause of locoregional recurrence in rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy and curative resection. Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15:729-737
- Beets-Tan RGH, Lambregts DMJ, Maas M, Bipat S, Barbaro B, Curvo-Semedo L, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for clinical management of rectal cancer: updated recommendations from the 2016 European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR) consensus meeting. Eur Radiol 2018;28:1465-1475
- KSAR Study Group for Rectal Cancer. Essential items for structured reporting of rectal cancer MRI: 2016 consensus recommendation from the Korean Society of Abdominal Radiology. Korean J Radiol 2017;18:132-151
- Benson AB, Venook AP, Al-Hawary MM, Cederquist L, Chen YJ, Ciombor KK, et al. Rectal cancer, version 2.2018, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2018;16:874-901
- Balyasnikova S, Brown G. Optimal imaging strategies for rectal cancer staging and ongoing management. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2016;17:32
- Horvat N, Carlos Tavares Rocha C, Clemente Oliveira B, Petkovska I, Gollub MJ. MRI of rectal cancer: tumor staging, imaging techniques, and management. Radiographics 2019;39:367-387
- Battersby NJ, Moran B, Yu S, Tekkis P, Brown G. MR imaging for rectal cancer: the role in staging the primary and response to neoadjuvant therapy. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;8:703-719
- Zhang G, Cai YZ, Xu GH. Diagnostic accuracy of MRI for assessment of T category and circumferential resection margin involvement in patients with rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 2016;59:789-799
- Wolberink SV, Beets-Tan RG, de Haas-Kock DF, Span MM, van de Jagt EJ, van de Velde CJ, et al. Conventional CT for the prediction of an involved circumferential resection margin in primary rectal cancer. Dig Dis 2007;25:80-85
- Bipat S, Glas AS, Slors FJ, Zwinderman AH, Bossuyt PM, Stoker J. Rectal cancer: local staging and assessment of lymph node involvement with endoluminal US, CT, and MR imaging--a meta-analysis. Radiology 2004;232:773-783
- Dighe S, Purkayastha S, Swift I, Tekkis PP, Darzi A, A'Hern R, et al. Diagnostic precision of CT in local staging of colon cancers: a meta-analysis. Clin Radiol 2010;65:708-719
- Cademartiri F, Luccichenti G, Rossi A, Pavone P. Spiral hydro-CT in the evaluation of colo-sigmoideal cancer. Radiol Med 2002;104:295-306
- Jeong S, Kim SH, Joo I, Ahn SJ, Han JK. Usefulness of hydrogel-CT for detecting and staging of rectosigmoid colon cancer. Eur J Radiol 2016;85:1020-1026
- Gollub MJ, Arya S, Beets-Tan RG, dePrisco G, Gonen M, Jhaveri K, et al. Use of magnetic resonance imaging in rectal cancer patients: Society of Abdominal Radiology (SAR) rectal cancer disease-focused panel (DFP) recommendations 2017. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018;43:2893-2902
- Bae JS, Kim SH, Hur BY, Chang W, Park J, Park HE, et al. Prognostic value of MRI in assessing extramural venous invasion in rectal cancer: multi-readers' diagnostic performance. Eur Radiol 2019;29:4379-4388
- Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, Byrd DR, Brookland RK, Washington MK, et al. AJCC cancer staging manual. 8th ed. New York: Springer 2016
- Salerno G, Sinnatamby C, Branagan G, Daniels IR, Heald RJ, Moran BJ. Defining the rectum: surgically, radiologically and anatomically. Colorectal Dis 2006;8 Suppl 3:5-9
- Taylor FG, Swift RI, Blomqvist L, Brown G. A systematic approach to the interpretation of preoperative staging MRI for rectal cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008;191:1827-1835
- Lowry AC, Simmang CL, Boulos P, Farmer KC, Finan PJ, Hyman N, et al. Consensus statement of definitions for anorectal physiology and rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 2001;3:272-375
- Slater A, Halligan S, Taylor SA, Marshall M. Distance between the rectal wall and mesorectal fascia measured by MRI: effect of rectal distension and implications for preoperative prediction of a tumour-free circumferential resection margin. Clin Radiol 2006;61:65-70
- Iannicelli E, Di Renzo S, Ferri M, Pilozzi E, Di Girolamo M, Sapori A, et al. Accuracy of high-resolution MRI with lumen distention in rectal cancer staging and circumferential margin involvement prediction. Korean J Radiol 2014;15:37-44
- Rao SX, Zeng MS, Xu JM, Qin XY, Chen CZ, Li RC, et al. Assessment of T staging and mesorectal fascia status using high-resolution MRI in rectal cancer with rectal distention. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:4141-4146
- Ye F, Zhang H, Liang X, Ouyang H, Zhao X, Zhou C. Journal club: preoperative MRI evaluation of primary rectal cancer: intrasubject comparison with and without rectal distention. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2016;207:32-39
- Kulinna C, Eibel R, Matzek W, Bonel H, Aust D, Strauss T, et al. Staging of rectal cancer: diagnostic potential of multiplanar reconstructions with MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;183:421-427
- Sinha R, Verma R, Rajesh A, Richards CJ. Diagnostic value of multidetector row CT in rectal cancer staging: comparison of multiplanar and axial images with histopathology. Clin Radiol 2006;61:924-931
- Winter L, Bruhn H, Langrehr J, Neuhaus P, Felix R, Hanninen LE. Magnetic resonance imaging in suspected rectal cancer: determining tumor localization, stage, and sphincter-saving resectability at 3-Tesla-sustained high resolution. Acta Radiol 2007;48:379-387
- Dewhurst CE, Mortele KJ. Magnetic resonance imaging of rectal cancer. Radiol Clin North Am 2013;51:121-131
- Brown G, Richards CJ, Bourne MW, Newcombe RG, Radcliffe AG, Dallimore NS, et al. Morphologic predictors of lymph node status in rectal cancer with use of high-spatial-resolution MR imaging with histopathologic comparison. Radiology 2003;227:371-377
- Kim JH, Beets GL, Kim MJ, Kessels AG, Beets-Tan RG. High-resolution MR imaging for nodal staging in rectal cancer: are there any criteria in addition to the size? Eur J Radiol 2004;52:78-83
- Rollven E, Abraham-Nordling M, Holm T, Blomqvist L. Assessment and diagnostic accuracy of lymph node status to predict stage III colon cancer using computed tomography. Cancer Imaging 2017;17:3
- Rollven E, Blomqvist L, Oistamo E, Hjern F, Csanaky G, Abraham-Nordling M. Morphological predictors for lymph node metastases on computed tomography in colon cancer. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2019;44:1712-1721
- Hoeffel C, Mule S, Laurent V, Bouche O, Volet J, Soyer P. Primary rectal cancer local staging. Diagn Interv Imaging 2014;95:485-494