References
- Layland MK, Sessions DG, Lenox J. The influence of lymph node metastasis in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx: N0 versus N+. Laryngoscope 2005;115:629-639 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlg.0000161338.54515.b1
- Kotwall C, Sako K, Razack MS, Rao U, Bakamjian V, Shedd DP. Metastatic patterns in squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Am J Surg 1987;154:439-442 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(89)90020-2
- Merino OR, Lindberg RD, Fletcher GH. An analysis of distant metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Cancer 1977;40:145-151 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197707)40:1<145::AID-CNCR2820400124>3.0.CO;2-9
- de Bree R, Deurloo EE, Snow GB, Leemans CR. Screening for distant metastases in patients with head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope 2000;110:397-401 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-200003000-00012
- Duprez F, Berwouts D, De Neve W, Bonte K, Boterberg T, Deron P, et al. Distant metastases in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2017;39:1733-1743 https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.24687
- Ng SH, Chang JT, Chan SC, Ko SF, Wang HM, Liao CT, et al. Nodal metastases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: patterns of disease on MRI and FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31:1073-1080
- Joo YH, Sun DI, Cho KJ, Cho JH, Kim MS. The impact of paratracheal lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2010;267:945-950 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-009-1166-6
- Zhang TT, Qu N, Hu JQ, Shi RL, Wen D, Sun GH, et al. Mediastinal lymph node metastases in thyroid cancer: characteristics, predictive factors, and prognosis. Int J Endocrinol 2017;2017:1868165
- Tankere F, Camproux A, Barry B, Guedon C, Depondt J, Gehanno P. Prognostic value of lymph node involvement in oral cancers: a study of 137 cases. Laryngoscope 2000;110:2061-2065 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-200012000-00016
- Toloza EM, Harpole L, McCrory DC. Noninvasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer: a review of the current evidence. Chest 2001;123:137S-146S https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.123.1_suppl.137S
- Kumar A, Dutta R, Kannan U, Kumar R, Khilnani GC, Gupta SD. Evaluation of mediastinal lymph nodes using F-FDG PET-CT scan and its histopathologic correlation. Ann Thorac Med 2011;6:11-16 https://doi.org/10.4103/1817-1737.74270
- Huang SH, O'Sullivan B. Overview of the 8th edition TNM classification for head and neck cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2017;18:40
- Som PM, Curtin HD, Mancuso AA. Imaging-based nodal classification for evaluation of neck metastatic adenopathy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:837-844 https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.174.3.1740837
- El-Sherief AH, Lau CT, Wu CC, Drake RL, Abbott GF, Rice TW. International association for the study of lung cancer (IASLC) lymph node map: radiologic review with CT illustration. Radiographics 2014;34:1680-1691 https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.346130097
- Ferlito A, Shaha AR, Silver CE, Rinaldo A, Mondin V. Incidence and sites of distant metastases from head and neck cancer. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2001;63:202-207 https://doi.org/10.1159/000055740
- Lengele B, Hamoir M, Scalliet P, Gregoire V. Anatomical bases for the radiological delineation of lymph node areas. Major collecting trunks, head and neck. Radiother Oncol 2007;85:146-155 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2007.02.009
- Iyer NG, Shaha AR, Ferlito A, Thomas Robbins K, Medina JE, Silver CE, et al. Delphian node metastasis in head and neck cancers--oracle or myth? J Surg Oncol 2010;102:354-358 https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.21640
- Teymoortash A, Werner JA. Current advances in diagnosis and surgical treatment of lymph node metastasis in head and neck cancer. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012;11:Doc04
- Ossoff RH, Sisson GA. Lymphatics of the floor of the mouth and neck: anatomical studies related to contralateral drainage pathways. Laryngoscope 1981;91:1847-1850 https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-198111000-00008
- Kowalski LP. Noncervical lymph node metastasis from head and neck cancer. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2001;63:252-255 https://doi.org/10.1159/000055751
- Troell RJ, Terris DJ. Detection of metastases from head and neck cancers. Laryngoscope 1995;105:247-250 https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-199503000-00005
- Alvi A, Johnson JT. Development of distant metastasis after treatment of advanced-stage head and neck cancer. Head Neck 1997;19:500-505 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0347(199709)19:6<500::AID-HED7>3.0.CO;2-2
- Liu JC, Bhayani M, Kuchta K, Galloway T, Fundakowski C. Patterns of distant metastasis in head and neck cancer at presentation: implications for initial evaluation. Oral Oncol 2019;88:131-136 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.11.023
- Fisch UP. Cervical lymph flow in man following radiation and surgery. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1965;69:846-868
- Rohren EM, Turkington TG, Coleman RE. Clinical applications of PET in oncology. Radiology 2004;231:305-332 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2312021185
- Krabbe CA, Pruim J, van der Laan BF, Rodiger LA, Roodenburg JL. FDG-PET and detection of distant metastases and simultaneous tumors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a comparison with chest radiography and chest CT. Oral Oncol 2009;45:234-240 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.05.024
- Rohde M, Nielsen AL, Johansen J, Sorensen JA, Nguyen N, Diaz A, et al. Head-to-head comparison of chest x-ray/head and neck MRI, chest CT/head and neck MRI, and 18F-FDG PET/CT for detection of distant metastases and synchronous cancer in oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer. J Nucl Med 2017;58:1919-1924 https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.117.189704
- Kim SK, Kang KW, Lee JS, Kim HK, Chang HJ, Choi JY, et al. Assessment of lymph node metastases using 18F-FDG PET in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006;33:148-155 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-005-1887-8
- Tsunoda Y, Ito M, Fujii H, Kuwano H, Saito N. Preoperative diagnosis of lymph node metastases of colorectal cancer by FDG-PET/CT. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2008;38:347-353 https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyn032