• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.80-90
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• 2016

Thanks to superior leakage energy efficiency compared to SRAM cells, STTRAM cells are considered as a promising alternative for a memory element in on-chip caches. However, the main disadvantage of STTRAM cells is high write energy and latency. In this paper, we propose a low-cost write filter (WF) cache which resides between the load/store queue and STTRAM-based L1 data cache. To maximize efficiency of the WF cache, the line allocation and access policies are optimized for reducing energy consumption of STTRAM-based L1 data cache. By efficiently filtering the write operations in the STTRAM-based L1 data cache, our proposed WF cache reduces energy consumption of the STTRAM-based L1 data cache by up to 43.0% compared to the case without the WF cache. In addition, thanks to the fast hit latency of the WF cache, it slightly improves performance by 0.2%.

• 지질공학
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.405-416
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• 2017

본 연구는 자유면대수층 즉, 충적대수층에서 필터층의 영향을 평가하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시험을 위해 모래층 및 자갈층으로 구성된 충적대수층에 필터층, 양수정, 관측정을 각각 설치한 모형시험장치를 제작하였다. 제작된 모형시험장치를 이용해 단계양수시험을 수행하였으며, 각 시험조별 투수특성을 확인하고 적정양수량 및 우물효율을 산정하였다. 모래층에서 단계별 양수량 분석을 통한 적정양수량 평가결과, 동일한 필터 두께를 가진 경우 이중필터는 22.03 L/min이며, 단일필터는 19.71 L/min로 단일필터에 비해 이중필터가 115.0% 양수량이 증대되는 것으로 평가되었다. 이중필터와 필터층 두께가 10 cm인 단일필터와 비교하면 이중필터에서 182.7%의 양수량 증대효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 자갈층의 적정양수량 평가결과, 동일한 필터 두께를 가진 경우 이중필터는 73.56 L/min이며, 단일필터는 65.47 L/min로 단일필터에 비해 이중필터가 112.3% 양수량이 증대되는 것으로 평가되었다. 이중필터와 자갈층에서 필터층 두께가 10 cm인 단일필터를 비교하면 이중필터에서 160.9%의 양수량 증대효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 모래층 우물효율을 분석한 결과 이중필터에서 최대 70.4%, 단일필터에서 최소 37.1%를 보이며, 자갈층에서는 필터재 두께가 30 cm인 이중필터와 단일필터에서 66.5%의 높은 우물효율을 보이나 필터재 두께가 10 cm인 단일필터에서는 22.5%로 낮게 평가되었다. 본 연구를 통해 필터재가 두꺼울수록 투수특성이 개선되는 것을 확인하였으며, 이중필터가 단일필터에 비해 양수량 및 우물효율이 상대적으로 높은 것으로 평가되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 우물설계에 실질적으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.29-33
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• 2005

In order to recycle the waste material and to develop the thickening unit of waste activated sludge from wastewater treatment facilities, the filtration bio-reactor equipped with a shadow mask filter module was employed for this work from which the operating properties and parameters were drawn. The sludge thickening and filtration unit is made of cylindrical acryl tank(12cm i.d. ${\times}$ 58cm height: working volume of 6L), where the flat-sheet type of shadow mask filter module(pore size: 220~250um, opening area: 34.8~39.6%) was installed and the effluent was withdrawn from the effluent port at the lowest point of the reactor, and the filtration was performed only by the hydraulic pressure. For evaluating the operating performance of this reactor, some parameters such as the solid-liquid separation of different biomass concentrations, the water quality of filtrate, the aeration cleaning time and the cleaning effect were investigated. Depending on the MLSS concentrations, the different time to withdraw 3L of filtrate was required in which the longer filtration time was necessary for the higher MLSS concentrations caused by the thicker formation of cake layer: 40 minutes for 5,000 mg/L, 70 minutes for 10,000 mg/L and 100 minutes for 15,000 mg/L, where the concentrations of SS were 8.9, 6.7 and 6.5 mg/L, respectively. Under the same operating conditions (the intensity of aeration cleaning: 80 L/min, MLSS: 10,000 mg/L), the proper aeration cleaning time was revealed 30 seconds, and the stable formation of cake layer was in the range of 10 to 15 minutes. Therefore, the shadow mask considered as a waste material can be of use as a filter material for the sludge thickening system.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.813-822
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• 2006

Soluble manganese removal was analyzed as a function of filter media, filter depth, presence or absence of chlorination, and surface manganese oxide concentration in water treatment processes. Sand, manganese oxide coated sand (MOCS), sand+MOCS, and granular activated carbon(GAC) were used as filter media. Manganese removal, surface manganese oxide concentration, turbidity removal, and regeneration of MOCS in various filter media were investigated. Results indicated that soluble manganese removal in MOCS was rapid and efficient, and most of the removal happened at the top of the filter. When filter influent (residual chlorine 1.0mg/L) with an average manganese concentration of 0.204mg/L was fed through a filter column, the sand+MOCS and MOCS columns can remove 98.9% and 99.2% of manganese respectively on an annual basis. On the other hand, manganese removal in sand and the GAC column was minimal during the initial stage of filtration, but after 8 months of filter run they removed 99% and 35% of manganese, respectively. Sand turned into MOCS after a certain period of filtration, while GAC did not. In MOCS, the manganese adsorption rate on the filter media was inversely proportional to the filter depth, while the density of media was proportional to the filter depth.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.87-93
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• 2002

양어용수 재순환을 위한 생물여과상의 처리효율을 향상시키기 위하여 상향류식 연속역세여과장치를 이용하여 다양한 조건하에서 실험하였는데, 기존의 연속역세여과장치와 이를 개량한 연속역세여과장치를 가지고 실험하였다. 개량역세여과장치는 기존에 이용되고 있는 DynaSand 여과장치를 유체역학 및 물리,화학적 개념을 응용한 장치로 개조하여 역세기능의 향상, 산소전달 능력의 향상, 여과 처리수 인출부의 개량에 의한 처리수 탁도제거 기능 향상 및 연속적인 수두손실 감지에 의해 폐수성상에 따른 여과장치운전의 자동화를 도모하는데 중점을 두었고, 또한 여과사의 표면을 특정물질로 코팅함으로 여과사 표면전하를 변화시켜 여과능력의 향상과 생물막 형성력의 증대를 꾀하는데 실험의 목적을 두었다. 본 실험에서 사용 한 여과장치의 크기는 전체 용적이 약 70 L이고 working volume은 35 L이었다 이번 연구에서 양어장사육용수 처리를 위해 조사된 개량형 상향류식 연속역세여과장치의 효율은 부유물 제거 효율이 평균 71% 이었고, NH$_4$$^{+/-N}$ , T-P및 SRP의 제거효율은 84%, 85% 및 88%로 각각 나타나서 그 효과가 인정되었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.418-425
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 양돈폐수의 전처리 공정으로 부유성 세라믹 담체로 충진한 Anaerobic Filter (AF)을 이용하여 신재생에너지 메탄가스의 생산 가능성과 전처리 후 유출수의 후속 고도처리 적정성을 평가하였다. 유입 COD 농도가 14,000 mg/L인 양돈폐수를 Anaerobic Filter에 점진적으로 유기물부하(OLR)를 증가시키면서 혹은 수리학적 체류시간을 짧게 유지하면서 $35^{\circ}C$에서 운전한 결과는 다음과 같다. Anaerobic Filter는 HRT 0.5일(OLR 28 g TVS/L-d)에서 최대 메탄발생량 1.74 v/v-d를 달성하였으며, Biogas 기준 TVS 제거효율은 HRT 3일(OLR 4.67 g TVS/L-d)로 운전하였을 때 63%를 얻었다. 반면 유출수 분석에 의한 TCOD 제거효율은 75%를 상회하였다. 유출수의 알카리도는 모든 운전 조건에서 2,050~2,980 mg/L as $CaCO_3$로서 후속 질소제거 시 야기될 수 있는 알카리도 파괴를 상쇄할 수 있을 것이다. HRT 2일 이하의 운전조건에서 Anaerobic Filter 유출수의 COD/TKN 비는 10~35 범위로서 고도처리 시 적정비인 8 이상을 만족하였으며 COD/TP 비는 38~56범위로서 적정비 33 이상 유지가 가능하였다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1997년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.184-187
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• 1997

In terms of a system identification, we present a method for autoregressive(AR) modelling of variious biomedical signal. Model order is estimated fly low rank approximation and coefficients are determined by innovation processes of Kalman filter derivation. An application of the method is given for visual evoked potentials.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2003년도 ICCAS
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• pp.955-959
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• 2003

A technique for realizing linear phase IIR filters has been proposed by Powell-Chau which gives a real-time implementation of H(z-1).H(z), where H(z) is a causal nonlinear phase IIR filter. Powell-Chau system is linear but not timeinvariant system. Therefore, that system has group delay response that exhibits a minor sinusoidal variation superimposed on a constant value. In the signal processing, this oscillation seriously degrade the signal quality. Unfortunately, that system has a large sample delay of 4L and also more computational complexity. Proposed system is present a reduced computational complexity technique by moved the numerator polynomial of H(1/z) out to cascade with causal filter H(z) and remain only all-pole of H(1/z), then applied truncated infinite impulse response to finite with truncated IIR filtel $H_L$(z) and L sample delay to subtract the output sequence from the top and bottom filter. Proposed system is linear time invariance and group delay response and total harmonic distortion are also improved.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.406-410
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• 2002

A new spin filter consisting of $50{\mu}m$ (nominal pore size) depth fitters rolled on a stainless steel grid was developed, using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model suspension cell to evaluate the spin filter performance. In a 1.8-1 fermentor with a rotation speed of 300 rpm and perfusion rate of 4 ml/min, a cell concentration of 49 g/l and ethanol concentration of 45 g/l from 100 g/l glucose could be obtained in a perfusion culture. The major mechanisms for cell separation used by the large-pore spin filter appeared to be centrifugal force and pivotal movement of the cells in the spin filter.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.230-237
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• 2006

The operational parameters and control strategies of a tertiary wastewater treatment process a biological filtration system were investigated. The biological filtration system consisted of a nitrification filter (Fiter 1) and a polishing filter with anoxic and aerobic parts (Filter 2). SS, T-C-BOD, and T-N in effluent were kept stable at less than 3, 5 mg/L, and 5 mgN/L, respectively, under a HRT in Filter (filter-bed) of 0.37~2.3 h. T-N at the outlet of Filter 2 were about 1~5 mgN/L under the condition of LV of 50~202 m/d. Methanol addition was controlled based on the COD/N ratio or McCarty's equation. Constant COD/N ratio control results in excess addition under large diurnal fluctuation of $NOx^--N$, and McCarty's equation can be used to add appropriate amount of methanol. Control of methanol addition by on-line nitrate measurement, control of aeration by on-line DO measurement, and control of backwashing by head loss measurement are successfully operated. These results proved that this process prove the easy-maintenance and cost-effectively treatment is attainable.