• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.799-806
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• 2009

Thoracic injury from restraint loading is the principle causative factor of death, which was shown to be particularly significant for older drivers. To characterize thoracic response to belt loading of older drivers, detailed finite element models of the adult and aged thorax were developed. The geometry of the 50th percentile adult male was chosen for the adult FE model. The thoracic FE model was validated against data obtained from results of PMHS pendulum impact tests. The quantified patterns of age-related shape and well-established material changes were applied to the adult model to develop the aged model. Belt force and chest deflection were applied to the developed two types of models. Rib and clavicle fracture risk obviously increased in the aged model. This finding showed that larger rib angle and reduced material properties of the ribcage produced more higher risk of injury in the older driver.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.87-101
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• 2018

Minors' law evasion is getting serious. Some of them make a fake ID card or use a stolen ID card illegally. They are illegally used for buying alcohol, cigarette, bond or going to club, pub, motel and so on. On the latest News, there was a case that teens rented a car with a driver licence without checking and had severe car accident. Like this case, car rental service was fined and suspended from business because they did not figure out ID card's counterfeit or modification. Thus, this study investigates the detecting method about the ID card(including a driver license) counterfeit, modification or illegal use. The server has a database of 17~19's minors one fingerprint and services whether the visitor is adult true or not. The method will be usable and economical for business. Then, it was compared and analyzed with methods already in use in business.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.53-64
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• 2017

Korean Identification card or driver license is usually used to verify one's identity in Korea. These are also used as an adult certification. Since the form of these ID card is an analog and it needs to be checked with naked eyes, it might be used maliciously. Someone who's got someone else's ID card can do other things. Therefore, it must be reported rapidly when ID card is lost or stolen. The most serious problem might be occurred when they do not recognize and report the loss. They might suffer from pecuniary or mental damage such as opening a mobile phone service, providing loan or credit card, opening a personal checking account, etc. Thus, this study suggests and compares the ways of avoiding these problems. First, the most effective way is to send the authorization code via mobile phones in consideration of build-up period and cost. The person in charge of business processing department using ID card sends the authorization code via registered mobile phone. The owners submits it to the person and their identifications are confirmed. Next effective way is that the person in charge of business processing department using ID card sends text messages via registered mobile phone. Lastly, the most ineffective way is to introduce and implement the electronic ID card ultimately even though it is expensive and takes a long time to build up the system.

• BMB Reports
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.481-483
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• 2018

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of human adult brain malignancy. The identification of the cell of origin harboring cancer-driver mutations is the fundamental issue for understanding the nature of GBM and developing the effective therapeutic target. It has been a long-term hypothesis that neural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) might be the origin-of-cells in human glioblastoma since they are known to have life-long proliferative activity and acquire somatic mutations. However, the cell of origin for GBM remains controversial due to lack of direct evidence thereof in human GBM. Our recent study using various sequencing techniques in triple matched samples such as tumor-free SVZ, tumor, and normal tissues from human patients identified the clonal relationship of driver mutations between GBM and tumor-free SVZ harboring neural stem cells (NSCs). Tumor-free SVZ tissue away from the tumor contained low-level GBM driver mutations (as low as 1% allelic frequency) that were found in the dominant clones in its matching tumors. Moreover, via single-cell sequencing and microdissection, it was discovered that astrocyte-like NSCs accumulating driver mutations evolved into GBM with clonal expansion. Furthermore, mutagenesis of cancer-driving genes of NSCs in mice leads to migration of mutant cells from SVZ to distant brain and development of high-grade glioma through the aberrant growth of oligodendrocyte precursor lineage. Altogether, the present study provides the first direct evidence that NSCs in human SVZ is the cell of origin that develops the driver mutations of GBM.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.428-432
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to research 'Daeri' drivers who work for drunken customers as a substitute driver. This was the first study in Korea to investigate assault and verbal abuse experienced while employed as a 'Daeri' driver. Methods: In this study, we conducted a survey to investigate people who work as 'Daeri' drivers. The survey was performed from September 1 to 7, 2014. The participants were 166 adult men and women who work as full-time 'Daeri' drivers. Results: Participants who experienced physical violence and assault from the customers to the point of disturbing safe driving in a year were 36.1% of total respondents. People who experienced verbal abuse to the point of disturbing safe driving in a year totaled 80.4% of respondents. In addition, there were also qualitative research results. Conclusions: Acts that impede safe driving are a danger to both passengers and drivers. By protecting the safety of 'Daeri' drivers, we will be able to protect the safety of citizens. Therefore, it is necessary to make an effort to protect 'Daeri' drivers from customer violence. Furthermore, it is also necessary to research policy to emplace a legal system that can protect 'Daeri' drivers.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.132-140
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• 2002

A momentum backpropagation neural network is prepared to carry out real-time dynamics simulations of a passenger car. A full-car model of fifteen degrees of freedom was constructed for vehicle dynamics analysis. Human body dynamics analysis was performed for a male driver(50 percentile Korean adult) restrained by a three point seatbelt system. The trained data using the neural network were obtained using a dynamic solver, ADAMS . The neural network were formed based on the dynamics of the simulator. The optimized hidden layer was obtained by selecting the optimal number of hidden layers. The driving scenario including bump passing and lane changing has been used for the estimation of the proposed neural network. A comparison between the trained data and neural network outputs is found to be satisfactory to show the applicability of the suggested approach.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.139-143
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• 2013

In 2008, according to Statistics Korea's population over the age of 20 and 26.3% of the smokers, 73.7% were non-smokers, smokers and non-smokers by smoking of 22.0% was reported. 336 people of 255 people (75.9%) is currently also showed that smoking. Hypertension, 48 people(14.30%), the boundary type of high blood pressure 193 people (57.40%) of them, especially for high blood pressure appear as a systematic management is required. 336 people targeting taxi drivers smoking and blood pressure, and the relevance of the reserch results did not show a statistically significant difference. Current smokers of 336 people surveyed 255 people (75.90%), respectively. Men over 15 years old in Korea smoking population (1990) was reported as 73.2%, Lee 2001, according etc. Korea 61.8% of the adult male smoking rate is quite high as compared to what is reported. Taxi drivers are working in very bad working conditions. The health of a taxi driver affect the safety of customers were considered.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.57-62
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• 1998

The objectice of this study is to dvaluate the physical condition response of a drever by the change of CO$^{2}$ concentration in the automobile with EEG spectrum analysis. The experiment was performed in a semi-shielded simulated automobile with 10 healthy adults. The results showed that as CO$_{2}$ concentration increased from 500ppm to 6,000ppm, the $\alpha$' value significantly decreased(p*<0.05) while $\beta$' increased (p*<0.05). In a real parked automobile with 2 adult passengers, the CO$_{2}$ gas concintration reached at 6,000ppm in 15 minutes. These spectral data are in well agreement with the subject's verval statement of experiencing uncomfortableness when CO$_{2}$gas was increased ti over 5,000ppm. These results indecated that the EEG spectrum analysis can be appropriately used to assess physical condition of a driver in the changing automobile environment.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.187-192
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• 2018

Purpose: This study compared the functional fitness and brake response of elderly and young drivers to confirm the correlation between the functional fitness and brake response. Methods: This study was a cross sectional observational design. Older drivers (>65age, n=21) and young adult drivers (20-40aged, n=20) were enrolled as subjects. The functional fitness of the subjects was measured using a senior fitness test consisting of a back scratch (BS), chair sit and reach (CSR), arm curl (AC), chair stand up (CSU), foot up and go (8-FUG), and 2-minute step (2-MS). The brake response used the virtual driving simulator to measure the brake reaction time (BRT) and braking distance (BD) according to the pedestrian protection and traffic signal compliance. Results: The older drivers had a lower BS (p<0.000), CSU (p=0.040), and 8-FUG (p=0.011) than the young adult drivers. BS and 8-FUG showed a significant positive correlation with the BRT and BD of pedestrian protection and traffic signal compliance. CSU showed a significant negative correlation with the BRT of pedestrian protection and traffic signal compliance. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the flexibility of the upper extremity, lower extremity strength, and agility are strongly correlated with the driving performance of elderly drivers.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to extract typical body shapes of Korean adults based on the three-dimensional Korean anthropometric data measured through 5th national anthropometric survey and to examine the suitability of the 3-D human shape data for the interior packaging. 36 three-dimensional anthropometric variables related to the design of vehicle interior were considered for the appraisal of typical body shapes. Four major factors were extracted by the factor analysis and factor scores were calculated for all subjects. Typical or standard drivers of Korean adults were selected by the minimum deviation criteria for the four factor scores with respect to 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles, respectively. Typical drivers of Korean adults were visualized by the CATIA-HUMAN program due to the absence of proper application software for three-dimensionally scanned human body data. There are considerable differences between the anthropometric data of Korean adults and those provided by CATIA-HUMAN program, which shows that the modeling data provided by CATIA-HUMAN should not be directly applied to the ergonomic evaluation for the vehicle design. This suggests the necessity for the development of suitable software for scanned human shape data. It is also expected that the anthropometric data of typical drivers extracted from this study help design package layouts and improve the suitability of ergonomic evaluation for Korean customers.