• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the emotional characteristics of the Sasang constitution with the Core Seven Emotions Inventory (CSEI) and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Methods: A total of 224 participants were assessed with a Sasang Constitutional Analysis Tool (SCAT) for Sasang Constitution Diagnosis, and completed the Core Seven Emotions Inventory (CSEI) and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Results: 1. From the results of the CSEI, Soeumin showed a significantly higher fear (恐) score than the Soyangin. 2. From the results of the TCI, Soeumin showed a significantly higher harm avoidance (HA) score than Taeeumin and Soyangin. Moreover, the Soyangin showed a significantly higher reward dependence (RD) score than Taeeumin and Soeumin. 3. In the correlation tests of the CSEI sub-scales, there was negative correlation between joy (喜) and other emotions, which are thoughts (思), depression (憂), sorrow (悲) and fear (恐). There were positive correlations between the emotions except joy (喜). 4. In the correlation tests of the TCI sub-scales, there was negative correlation between HA and persistence (P), and HA and SD. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between RD and cooperativeness (C) and between P and self-directedness (SD). 5. In the correlation tests of the TCI and CSEI, joy (喜) showed a negative correlation with HA and a positive correlation with P and with SD. Anger (怒) showed a negative correlation with C and other emotions except joy (喜) showed a negative correlation with RD. Conclusions: The differences of psychological characteristics in Sasang Constitution were shown with CSEI and TCI from this study.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.52-62
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• 2019

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Zingiberis Rhizoma Pharmacopuncture(ZP) at GB30 and ST36 in neuropathic pain induced SD rats by the block of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1(TRPV1). Methods : Neuropathic pain in rats was induced by tibial and common peroneal nerve transection of right leg. The rat subjects were divided into 6 groups : normal(Nor, n=5), control(Con, n=5), neuropathic pain plus 2 mg/kg ZP injection at GB30 and ST36(ZP-A, n=5), 10 mg/kg ZP(ZP-B, n=5), 20 mg/kg ZP(ZP-C, n=5) and 0.45 mg/kg Tramadol(Tra, n=5). Three days after the surgery, injections were administered once a day for 17 days. Withdrawal response of neuropathic rats' legs were measured by stimulating the paw of Right leg with von frey filament, acetone and radient heat on day 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 after surgery. After all treatments were completed, c-Fos in the midbrain central gray and TRPV1 & TRPA1 of DRG(L5) were analyzed. Results : Groups ZP-B and ZP-C showed a meaningful decrease in the withdrawal response of mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia compared to the control group(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001). Groups ZP-B and ZP-C showed a meaningful decrease in the expression of c-fos and TRPV1 protein level compared to the control group(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001). Conclusions : These results suggest that Zingiberis Rhizoma Pharmacopuncture at GB30 and ST36 could decrease mechanical & cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia by block the TRPV1 on the model of neuropathic pain.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.133-139
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• 2021

Objectives : Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a decrease in the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The abnormal expression of solute carrier family 6 member 4 (Slc6a4) has been reported in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods : In this study, we used MPTP to examine the changes in the expression of Slc6a4 in the brain of mice with Parkinson's disease and investigate its effect on dopaminergic neuronal cell death. Results : In the examination of the Slc6a4 expression in the substantia nigra of MPTP-treated mice for 4 weeks. The gene expression was increased compared to the normal group. To investigate the relationship between Slc6a4 and dopaminergic neurons, we performed a study using siRNA of Slc6a4 in the dopaminergic neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y. Using the siRNA of Slc6a4 to evaluate gene expression, it revealed that the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression increases when Slc6a4 decreases. Moreover, this confirms its effects on the dopaminergic neurons. Additionally, through the evaluation of factors related to apoptosis, in particular, it was established that the value of bax/bcl2 decreased and was affected. These results suggest that a decreased Slc6a4 expression induces an increase in TH expression, providing a mechanism of action for dopaminergic neurons regulated by Slc6a4 expression. Conclusions : Slc6a4 is deemed to be involved in the regulation of dopaminergic neurons, suggesting that an increased Slc6a4 expression induced by MPTP may influence a reduction of dopaminergic neurons.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.411-416
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• 2022

Natural products are important sources for drug development because they have a wide variety of useful biological properties. Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) has been used as an herbal medicine for treatment of colds, pain, and anemia. The present study was designed to evaluate the regulatory effect of AGN on immune enhancement in vivo and in vitro. To investigate the immune-enhancing effect of AGN, we used forced swimming test (FST) experimental model. Mice were orally administered by AGN or distilled water for 14 days and then immobility time and biological parameters in serum were measured. The results showed that immobility time in AGN treatment group was significantly reduced in comparison with the control group. Plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen and lactate dehydrogenase in AGN group was significantly decreased compared with control group. Additionally, we showed that AGN treatment significantly increased immune-related cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-2, and interferon (IFN)-𝛾 levels in Molt-4 cells. Collectively, the findings provide experimental evidence that AGN may be effective in improving immune function.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.125-133
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• 2012

본 논문은 피부미백에 관한 실험적 연구로서, 봉선화(Impatiens balsamina Linne)의 성분 중에서 하이드록시-나프타-퀴논(hydroxynaphthoquinone)이 멜라닌 생성억제 효능, 색소침착 저해 효과 등의 미백 활성이 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 피부흑화(melanogenesis)는 멜라닌 색소생성세포(melanocyte)에서 자외선 등의 자극에 대한 방어기작으로 멜라닌 생성 활동이 증가되고 이로 말미암아 만들어진 다량의 멜라닌이 각질형성세포(keratinocyte)로 전이되어 피부 표피층에 축척된 결과이다. 비록 멜라닌이 피부에 보호작용을 하나 피부의 과색소 침착은 기미, 주근깨, 피부염증 후의 피부흑화, 노인성 색소반점 등을 일으키며 이로 인해 피부미용 상의 불편뿐만 아니라 정신적으로 부정적인 영향을 미쳐 사회활동에 불편을 초래하기도 한다. 멜라닌 생성 과정은 아미노산의 일종인 티로신(tyrosine)에 티로시나제(tyrosinase)라는 효소가 작용하여 도파(DOPA), 도파퀴논(dopaquinone)으로 바뀐 후 비효소적인 산화 반응을 거쳐 만들어 지며, 이것이 피부 내에 이상 침착하여 기미, 검버섯 등이 생기는 것이라고 알려져 있다. 이와 같은 색소침착, 기미, 반점 등의 완화, 예방 및 치료에는 멜라닌 생성을 억제하는 물질, 예를 들면 하이드로퀴논(hydroquinone), 알부틴, 비타민 C 및 그 유도체 등이 개발되어 사용되고 있으나 이 중, 하이드로퀴논은 일단 효과가 인정되고 있지만 감작성이 있기 때문에 일반적으로 사용이 제한되고 있다. 아스콜빈산은 쉽게 산화되어, 이를 배합한 제품에는 변색, 변취가 되는 문제를 야기하고, 식물추출물 유래의 물질들은 식물의 산지에 따라 효능의 차이가 심하여 제품의 균질성이 유지되기 어렵다. 이러한 이유로 많은 멜라닌 생성을 억제하는 물질을 개발하기 위한 연구들이 계속 진행하고 있다. 2-히드록시-[1,4]나프토퀴논 유도체는 다음과 같은 구조를 나타낸다. 상기 구조에서 R은 포화 혹은 불포화된 직쇄 또는 분지쇄의 알킬로서, 바람직하게는 C1 내지 C10의 포화 혹은 불포화된 직쇄 또는 분지쇄의 알킬이고, 보다 바람직하게는 C1 내지 C5의 포화 혹은 불포화된 직쇄 또는 분지쇄의 알킬이다. 실험에 활용된 화합물은 다음과 같은 반응식으로 얻어졌다. 2-히드록시-[1,4]나프토퀴논과 포타슘카보네이트(K2CO3)를 아세토니트릴에 용해한 후, 저온수조로 냉각하고 알킬할라이드를 적당한 당량비로 천천히 적하하여 히드록시기와 에테르(ether) 반응을 통하여 얻어질 수 있다. 상기 반응식에서 R은 C1~10의 포화 또는 불포화된 알킬기로서 직쇄형 또는 분지쇄형 모두 가능하다. 상기 화합물인 2-히드록시-[1,4]나프토퀴논(2-hydroxynaphthoquinone)은 배양된 쥐의 멜라노마 세포에 대하여 하이드로퀴논과 대등한 멜라닌 생성 억제효과를 보였다. 하이드로퀴논은 저농도에서 강력한 멜라닌 생성 억제효과를 보이지만 상기 화합물들은 보다 낮은 농도에서도 세포독성을 나타내지 않으며 하이드로퀴논보다 높은 멜라닌 생성 억제 효과를 보였다.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.497-497
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• 1997

간질성폐질변(間質性肺疾變)은 결체조직질병(結締組織疾病)의 상견(常見)되는 병발증(倂發證)이지만, 지금까지는 이상적(理想的)인 치료법(治療法)이 없었다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)는 본병(本病)의 병리기전(病理機轉)이 중의(中醫)에서의 "어혈(瘀血)"증(證) 상호(相互) 유사(類似)한 것으로부터 시작(始作)하여, 중의(中醫)의 "활혈화어법(活血化瘀法)"과 결합(結合)하여 치료(治療)하면서 환자(患者)의 폐기능(肺氣能) 검사결과(檢査結果)의 변화(變化)를 추적(追跡)해, 그 치료효과(治療效果)에 대(對)한 평가(評價)를 내리는 작업(作業)으로 이루어졌다. 먼저 풍습과(風濕科)에 의뢰(依賴)하여 결체조직질병(結締組織疾病)에 간질성폐병(間質性肺病)이 병발(倂發)한 환자(患者)를 선별(選別)한 후(後)에, 서의치료(西醫治療) 통(通)해서 그 원발성(原發性) 질병(疾病)이 은정(隱靜)한 상태(狀態)에까지 이르도록 한 후(後), 필요(必要)한 최저량(最低量)의 서의약(西醫藥)만을 유지(維持)케 하였다. 환자(患者)의 의사(意舍)에 따라서 두 개의 조(組)로 나누어, 실험군(實驗群)은 중의(中醫)에서 회진(會診)하고, Raynaud 증후군(症候群)의 유무(有無)에 따라서, 당귀사역탕(當歸四逆湯) 혹(或)은 혈부축어탕(血府逐瘀湯)을 농축분제(濃縮粉劑)로 투여(投與)하며 연속(連續)하여 6개월간(個月間) 치료(治療)하였다. 대조군(對照群)의 경우(境遇)에는 중의(中醫)가 회진(會診)하지 않았다. 14개월(個月)동안 모두 실험군(實驗群) 23례(例)와 대조군(對照群) 16례(例)를 대상(對象)으로 연구(硏究)를 하였는데, 모두 여성환자(女性患者)였다. 압축성폐용량(壓軸性肺用量)(FVC), 폐총용량(肺總用量)(TCL), carbon monoxide에 대(對)한 폐(肺)의 확산능력(擴散能力)(DLCO), 그리고 폐포공기량(肺泡空氣量)(VA)에 대(對) DCLO의 비(比)를 지표(指標)로 삼아, 폐기능(肺氣能)의 손상정도(損傷程度)에 따라서 box plot으로 분석(分析)하고, 폐기능(肺氣能)의 손상(損傷)을 측정(測定)하는 시스템을 만들었다. 실험결과(實驗結果), 실험군(實驗群)이 대조군(對照群)에 비(比)해서 치료(治療) 전(前)보다 명현(明顯)한 개선(改善)이 있었다. 폐기능(肺氣能)을 검사(檢査)한 수치(數値)들을 일반적(一般的)으로 통계처리(統計處理)한 것을 응용(應用)하고, TCL과 FVC의 모형식(模型式)을 만든 결과(結果), 실험군(實驗群)에서 FVC가 치료과정(治療過程)의 기간(其間)과 정비례(正比例)하여 향상(向上)되고, 또한 치료효과(治療效果)가 명현(明顯)하게 나타나기 시작(始作)하는 시기(時期)가 중의(中醫) 치료과정(治療過程)을 거친 실험군(實驗群)의 제(第)12개(個)에서 DLCO와 DLCO/VA의 향상(向上)이 나타나는 시기(時期)와 거의 일치(一致)하는 것을 발견(發見)하였다.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.211-223
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• 1995

The antitumor effect of 柴胡(Bupleuri Radix : BP), 茵陳(Artemisiae capillaris Herba; ACH) 및 蒲公英(Taraxaci Herba; TH) and 蒲公英 EE層(Ethyl ether layer of TH; EETH) on human hepatocytes such as Hep G2, PLC and Hep 3B, and synergistic action with the anticancer drugs, that is, mitomycin(MMC), cisplatin(CPT) and 5-fluorouracil(5-FU) were studied by the method of MTT. The results were obtained as follows: 1. $IC_{50}$ against Hep G2, PLC and Hep 3B was $15.5{\mu}g/ml$, $25.4{\mu}g/ml$ and 31.25 in MMC, $92.5{\mu}g/ml$, $50.2{\mu}g/ml$ and $62.5{\mu}g/ml$ in CPT and $125{\mu}g/ml$ in 5-FU respectively. 2. Cytotoxic effect on Hep G2 was obvious in BP-treated group, synergistic action was most effective in TH-treated group or with MMC. 3. Cytotoxic effect on Hep 3B was obvious in ACH-treated group, synergistic action was most effective in ACH-treated group or with MMC. 4. Cytotoxic effect on PLC was obvious in ACH-treated group, synergistic action was most effective in TH-treated group or with MMC. From above results it was concluded that ACH showed the best antitumor effect against PLC and Hep 3B, BP aganst Hep G2 and also synergistic effect was most effective with MMC, which indicates that it is necessary to seperate the antitumor substances in ACH.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.49-70
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• 2017

Objectives: The present study is to observe the skin-regeneration, anti-wrinkle, whitening and skin moisturizing effects of Cheongsangbangpung-tang (CSBPT) with cytotoxicity. Methods: In the present study, cytotoxicity of CSBPT lyophilized aqueous extracts (yield=18.71%) was experimented against human normal fibroblast cells and B16F10 murine melanoma cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay, and skin regeneration and anti-wrinkle effects were also showed through the assay of collagen type I synthesis by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit as comparing with transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}1$, hyaluronidase, collagenase and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 inhibitory assays as comparing with oleanolic acid (OA), and elastase inhibitory effects as comparing with phosphoramidon disodium salt (PP). In addition, whitening effects of CSBPT were observed by tyrosinase inhibitory assay and melanin formation test in B16/F10 melanoma cells as comparing with arbutin, and skin moisturizing effects were measured through mouse skin water contents test, respectively. Results: No CSBPT treatment related cytotoxic effects were demonstrated against human normal fibroblast cells and B16/F10 murine melanoma cells. CSBPT concentration-dependent increased collagen type I synthesis at human normal fibroblast cells. It also effectively suspreessed hyaluronidase, collagenase, elastase and MMP-1 activities, which were enzymes that related to declining of ECM and formation of wrinkle. CSBPT supressed B16/F10 melanoma cells's melanin productions with tyrosinase activity, which was an enzyme connected with melanin formation, and dose-dependent and significant increases of skin water contents were detected in CSBPT treated mouse skin as compared with vehicle control skins. Conclusions: CSBPT showed favorable and enough skin regeneration, anti-wrinkle, whitening and skin moisturizing effects at least in a condition of this experiment. However, more detail mechanism and in vivo skin protective efficacy studies should be conducted in future with the screening of the biological active compounds in individual herbs of Cheongsangbangpung-tang.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.81-97
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• 2000

Objectives: This experimental study was carried out to evaluate the effects of aqueous and methanol extracts of Hedyotis diffusa which has long been used for cancer treatment in oriental medicines on the induction of apoptotic cell death in human lymphoid leukemia cell line, HL-60. Methods: Cells were treated with various concentrations (200 to $0.4{\mu}g$) and periods (6 to 30 hr) of $H_2O$ and methanol extracts of Hedyotis diffusa. Then, cells were tested for viability by MTT assay. Cells wrere treated with $200{\mu}g/ml$ of methanol extract fork various periods. Genomic DNA was isolated, separated, on 1.5% agarose gels, stained with ethidium bromide and visualized under UV light. Cells were treated with $200{\mu}g/ml$ of each extract for 16 hr. Then, cells were treated with Hoechst dye 33342 and observed by fluorescence microscopy. Cells were treated with various doses of each for 12 hr and $100{\mu}g/ml$ of methanol extract for various periods. Lysate from the cells used to measure the activity of Caspase-1 and-3 proteases by using fluorogenic peptide substrates including acetyl-YVAD-AMC and acetyl-DEVD-AMC, respectively. Cells were treated with $200{\mu}g/ml$ of each extract for various periods. Cell lysates were immunoprecipated with anti-JNKl antibodies. The immune complex was reacted with $32^p-ATP$ and c-Jun as a substrate. The phosphotransferase activity of JNKI was measured by using PhosphoImage analyzer (Fuji Co., Japan). Nuclear extracts were isolated and incubated with oligonucleotide probe of $NF-{\kappa}B$. Transcriptional activation of ${\kappa}B$ was measured by using EMSA and visualized by PhosphoImage analyzer (Fuji Co, Japan). Cell lysates were prepared and analyzed by Western blotting with anti-Bc12 antibodies and anti-Bax antibodies. Cells were pretreated with various doses of methanol extract for 2 hr. Then, the extract was removed by centrifugation. Cells were resuspended with RPMI-1640 media containing 0.3% agarose, 10% FBS, overlayred onto bottom layer agarose and incubated at $CO_2$ incubator for 6 days. The number of colony was counted under light microscopy ($\time100$). Results: The death of HL-60 cells was markedly induced by the addition of methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa in a dose and time-dependent manners. The apoptotic characteristic ladder pattern of DNA strand break was observed in death of HL-60 cells. In addition, it was shown nucleus chromatin condensation and fragmentation under Hoechst staining. Therefore, Hedyotis diffusa extract-induced death of HL-60 cells is mediated by apoptotic signaling processes. The activity of Caspase 3-like proteases remained in a basal level in HL-60 cells treated with aqueous extract of Hedyotis diffusa. However, it was markedly increased in HL-60 cells treated with methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa. In addition, the phosphotransferase activity of JNKl was increased in HL-60 cells treated with methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa. Furthermore, the activation of transcriptional activator, $NF-{\kappa}B$ was markedly induced by methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa. Anti-apoptotic Bc12 was cleaved into 23Kda fragment by treatment of methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa. However, expression of proapoptotic Bax protein was increased by treatment of methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, methanol extract markedly inhibited the colony forming efficiency of HL-60 cells in semisolid agar culture. Conclusions: Above results suggest that methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa induces the apoptotic death of human leukemic HL-60 cells via activations of Caspase-3 proteases, JNKI, transcriptional activator $NF-{\kappa}B$, In addition, our results also suggest that methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa reduces the malignant potential of HL-60 cells via down regulation of colony forming effciency through cleavage of Bc12 as well as induction of Bax.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-24
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• 2000

The comparison of climate's character of Yunqi(運氣) with the data of meterological observation were made in the research of climate. 1. The comparison of the average velocity of wind, temperature, rainfall, humidity of Seoul, by late 1954 to 1983, with Yunqi(運氣) was made. Fire-Chi(火氣) and moisture-qi(濕氣) were matched with the attribute of Taiyun(大運). Cold-qi(寒氣) was had some relationship. Dry-qi(燥 氣) and Wind-qi(風氣) were not matched. About the relationship of Spirit-of-official-sky(司天之氣) with climate, when the Moisture-soil(濕土) was added, they were matched and when the King-fire(君火) was added, they have some relationship. But Wind-tree(風木), Dry-metal(燥金), Buble-fire(相火), Cold-water(寒水) was added they were not matched. 2. According to the observation data of rainfall by late 180 years of Seoul; about Taiyun(大運), when the Water-Yun(水運) was greatly exceeded and Fire-Yun(火運) was shorted, in the case of Official-sky(司天), when Wind-Tree(風木) was added, the frequency was highly. So when the Soil-Yun(土運) was greatly exceeded and when Official-sky(司天)was added to the Moisture-soil(濕土), the rainfall was not matched. 3. The relationship of the frequency of the abnormal climate occurrences between Yunqi-promotion-weak(運氣盛衰)and Yunqi-Harmony(運氣同化) and Yunqi-soft-attacking(運氣順逆) in the weather of Korean Peninsula was compared by 1564 to 1863. They were not matched except the case of Yunqi-Harmony(運氣同化). 4. There were some cases which were not matched exactly between the climate predicted by the theory and real climate in 1984, the year of Kap-ga(甲子年). But many correspondence between the observation by the office of meteorology and the prediction by the analysis from Yun-qi-sang-hab(運氣相合) theory. 5. Because meterological phenomena of real world and analysis from the hypothesis of Yunqi(運氣) have no relationship with each other, some of Doctor denied Yunqi(運氣) in the way of matching mechanically. But the thought of Doctor who denied Fortune-spirit(運氣) made promotion for the theory of divination by bringing deeper insight. And it was not only the negative side. 6. In the point of geographical difference, the climate of China, the origination Yunqi theory, is different from the Korea's. Thus some observation errors should be considered. From the basis of this thesis, I hope that the deeper advance would be made into the Korean Yunqi theory.