• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.57-65
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• 2000

Vernacular embodies a culture and economy that are unique to one particular region at a given period, expressed in the lifestyles of the ordinary people of the region. This study aims at interpreting Korean Vernacular Landscape by applying the analytical tool thus developed to the lifestyles of ordinary people found in their permanent dwellings (e. g., villages). By so doing, this study hopes to contribute to building a framework with which to understand the tradition of ordinary people by exploring the uniqueness and basic characteristics of Korean Vernacular Landscape. This study relies primarily on filed studies on, and publications relating to, the agrarian and residential landscapes. The Korean vernacular landscape has not only crude and simple generality, but also individuality derived from cultural circumstances and natural feature. Korean Vernacular Landscape may be characterized as the practical Vernacular Landscape, consisting of the raw materials that were only available in a particular region, shaped by the terrain, and maintained by the customs that varied from a region to a region.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the design ＆ construction methods of the traditional landscape space of the past and the repair and maintenance of cultural heritages to maintain it today. To this end, the method of narrative description, process extraction and construction related to traditional landscaping were compared to each other based on the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages'. The results are as follows; First, to analyze at the description methods of the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages' and related processes in the field of traditional landscaping. 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 was an encyclopedia of the overall construction method of the living space, describing the location, effect, and advantages and disadvantages of each component and presenting quantitative figures to institutionalize the construction of traditional landscaping spaces. 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages' presented the entire process of repairing cultural heritages, and it is becoming a kind of guide for reference at the site. Among them, foundation construction, roof construction, landscape construction, and fence construction were drawn as items that could be applied to traditional landscaping areas. Second, the traditional landscape space construction method was divided into the processes of foundation construction, roof construction, landscaping construction, and fence construction. Foundation construction is a way of repeating the process of land-tramping. During the construction of the roof, the tile-roofed building was built on top of the rafters and roofed with tiles. And thatched roof was made to a number of rice straws bundles to cover the roof one after the other. Instead of tiles, the stone roof was made of thin and wide stones, and the wooden boards were used for the single roof and the bark roof were constructed with many layers of dried corrugations. Landscape construction mainly consists of the Paving technique through tramping rubble and the construction of terraced flower by planting stone, plants, and shrubs on the top. According to the building materials, the wall construction was derived from the earth-stacked earthen wall, stone walls using stone and clay, marble walls made of tile patterns, and the construction of a board wall using a wood board as a wall. Third, comparing the construction methods of the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages', 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 focuses on standardizing the construction methods to create a new traditional space. There is a difference in the setting of the scope of the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and the construction because 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages' provides the overall construction procedure considering the diversity of the cultural heritages. In addition, the traditional landscape space used to be a residential space in the past, but today, the maintenance process of the already established facilities as designated cultural heritages has been carried out, and construction methods have been added to create viewing conditions. In terms of the succession of traditional knowledge, some similar methods were found in the repair of cultural assets today, and some cases were also confirmed in the reconstruction of traditional technologies such as application of some materials or mix, separation of added facilities and introduction of efficient construction methods.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.2 s.121
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• pp.71-80
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• 2007

Korea began preserving and managing natural monuments in 1933 under Japanese Colonization, but North Korea and South Korea were forced to establish separate natural monument management policies because of the division after the Korean Independence. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the natural monument management policies of both south and North Korea between 1933 and 2005 to introduce new policies for Korea unification. The following are the results: First, South Korea manages every type of cultural asset, including natural monuments, through the 'Cultural Heritage Protection Act,' whereas North Korea managing its cultural assets through the 'Cultural Relics Protection Act' and the 'Landmark/Natural Monument Protection Act.' Second, South Korea preserves and utilizes natural monuments for the purpose of promoting the cultural experience of Korean people and contributing to the development of world culture, whereas North Korea uses its natural monuments to promote the superiority of socialism and protect its ruling power. Third, North and South Korea have similar classification systems for animals, plants, and geology, but North Korea classifies geography as one of its natural monuments. Unlike South Korea, North Korea also designates imported animals and plants not only for the preservation and research of genetic resources, but also for their value as economic resources. Fourth, North Korea authorizes the Cabinet to designate and cancel natural monuments, whereas South Korea designates and cancels natural monuments by the Cultural Heritage Administration through the deliberation of a Cultural Heritage Committee. Both Koreas' central administrations establish policies and their local governments carry them out, while their management systems are quite different. In conclusion, it is important to establish specified laws for the conservation of natural heritages and clarified standards of designation in order to improve the preservation and management system and to sustain the diversity of natural preservation. Moreover it is also necessary to discover resources in various fields, designate protection zones, and preserve imported trees. By doing so, we shall improve South Korea's natural monument management policies and ultimately enhance national homogeneity in preparation for the reunification of the Koreas in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.29-42
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• 2017

Jeongeuihyanggyo(旌義鄕校) is a kind of traditional, Confucian cultural landscapes that is located in Jeju special self-governing province. Its historical background illustrates that the first erection was started at Goseong-li of Seongsan-eup(城山邑 古城里) at Taejong(太宗) of 16 years(1417) and it moved to the west gate of Hyunseong(縣城) at Heojong(憲宗) of 15 years,(1849) Joseon. The aim at this study is to reveal characters of these Confucian Spatial Composition and Order, which are valuable resources that can be created into the cultural contents. The results demonstrate the characters of the Confucian cultural landscape as followings; the changing process of new building and its relocation, the utilization of antique maps in location interpretation of Jeongeuihyanggyo, Confucian symbolic elements of it, the spatial compositions and layouts of its buildings, physical structures, main buildings and their characters, locational points of topographic profile, changes of axial line at Daeseongjeon(大成殿), the D/H ratio of its courts. This study can show that Jeongeuihyanggyo is a case for realizing the Confucian reformation to enhance Seongeup Hyun's education standard considering the locality of the site which is an isolated island like Jejudo(濟州島). The author can see that the example of Confucian space is applied to various layout techniques, both horizontally and vertically, in a limited space condition of being in the castle. Therefore, it is necessary to revive this point so that it can utilize unique Confucian cultural landscape possessed only by Jeongeuihyanggyo.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.6 s.119
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• pp.101-110
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• 2007

This study is a base research for the restoration of village landscape of the Namhan-Sansung. The Namhan-Sansung has been recognized as a top destination for dining places. However, there have been increasing concerns about the village landscape and its rich historic and cultural heritages transformed into dining places. The village landscape of Namhan-Sansung should be reconstructed as a setting for education and loaming of Korean history and culture forgotten for a long time. The landscape also should be a space where resolute resistance and spirit of Korean people and a futuristic village space where environment friendly community environment harmonizes with daily lives. Restoration efforts of village landscape of the Namhan-Sansung can get to start from exploring the prototype of the village. In order to restore the prototype, it is important to review potential elements and setbacks. Based on the prototype of the Namhan-Sansung village, transitions of village landscape were reviewed and directions of restoration were proposed. Also, an improvement plan was proposed after reviewing problems in system and planning.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.108-117
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• 2020

This study takes the Gyeongju Historic Areas Daereungwon Area as the research object, uses the Virtual Walkthrough method for virtual experience and evaluation, the visual characteristics were analyzed. To analyze landscape visual characteristics and to find out the relationship between image factors and visual preferences, the factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted. The results are as follows: the results of preference analysis of the Daereungwon Area show that the preference of scene3 where located on the western boundary of Noseo-rl tumuli got the highest score, and the preference score of scene5 where located on the western boundary of Daereungwon less than three points. The results of factor analysis of visual characteristics, three factors were analyzed: regularity factor, spatiality factor and historical factor. The analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis results of the relationship between factor scores and visual preferences show that regularity factor was analyzed as the biggest factor that affects the visual preference of the Historical-cultural landscape Daereungwon Area. Virtual Walkthrough method has a strong three-dimensional and strong production of the real landscape scene, it's an effective method in landscape analysis. The results of research provides data and information for improving the visual quality of Historical-cultural landscape and it's expected to be applied in the future of landscape planning.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.82-91
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• 2013

This study was performed in order to analysis the landscape change and cause of scenic sites and surrounding environment is located in the Urban Residential Area since modern. The study was carried out using of field observations, literature review, cadaster map analysis from 1962 to 2010, and survey. It trace about Seongnagwon, Mapo Choi Sa-Young's old house, Seoul Seonjamdanji, Seoul Hanyang castle and those can be process of change per period. Also, it examine to original view of cultural assets and analysis about lots alteration with landscape alteration. Seongnagwon has original view which constructed the Songseokjeong and pond in 1954. Mapo Choi Sa-Young's old house has original view that move to Sungbook-dong and restore an old house. Seoul Seonjamdanji has it define original view that remained ruins by 1960's development. Seoul Hanyang castle has original view that stone fortress. Seongnagwon's landscape was changed by institutional factors. Mapo Choi Sa-Young house's landscape was changed by society economic factors. Seoul Seonjamdanji was changed by society economic and institutional factors. Seoul Hanyang castle was changed by technical and institutional factors. Generally cultural heritage of Sungbook-dong was changed by institutional and society economic factors. It is guessed that Seoul urban planning influenced Sungbook-dong development. The establishment of capitalistic economy system was backgrounds to it. Therefore, it expect to realized desirable landscape alteration that recognized potential value as culture resources.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.46-56
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• 2020

The 88 Olympic Park is a monumental urban park in Seoul, developed to commemorate South Korea's hosting of the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. Initially conceived to emphasize the event slogan, 'Cultural Olympics,' which was driven by the Korean government, the park, already designed and constructed by 1986, was reconfigured into a sculpture park following two international outdoor sculpture Olympiads and an invitational sculpture exhibition. This study takes a look at the process of redesigning the park into sculpture park and the socio-political discussions surrounding such a process, in order to reconsider the significance of the 88 Seoul Olympic Park with regards to Korean landscape architectural history. Several discussions within Korean society arose during the redesign process. First, there were critiques on the artwork selection during the early phase of the project. Second, issues regarding the conservation of the national heritage site, Mongchon-tosung, located within the park, gave rise to a larger discourse on heritage preservation in Seoul. Third, discussions regarding the formation of the park identity, or lack thereof, prevalent. Through this study, the 88 Seoul Olympic Park presents itself as an example where large park construction in Seoul caused discussions regarding globalization, nationalism, publicness and art to be brought forth. This paper concludes that the 88 Seoul Olympic Park is a cultural landscape that requires further examination and exploration as it provides rich historical context for understanding the history of cultural and artistic practices in Korean urban landscapes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.39-47
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• 2020

This paper interprets the social and cultural significance of the "landscape" in North Korea by exploring the object and context of the text referring to the "landscape" in North Korean literature. To this end, the paper first classified the objects describing "landscapes" in serial publications and newspaper articles by types and grouped them according to trend. As a result, the social and cultural significance of the "landscape" in North Korea can be divided among "Projection Object of Orthodoxy", "Visuality extended to the City" and "Visible Socialist-Fairyland". First, in an article about Baekdusan (Mt. Baekdu), "landscape" was used as a medium to prove the legitimacy of the successor. Next, in the Kim Jong-Un regime, "landscape" was used as a word to describe the visual interactions by human economic activities. Finally, as a way to visualize the achievements in the landscape sector, a term for ranking landscapes such as "Socialist-Fairyland" was adopted during Kim Jong-Un's reign. This can be interpreted as one of the devices visualizing the "landscape" and is clearly distinguished from the past.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.482-492
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• 2006

This study has a purpose of examining the relationship between visual preference and typicality of natural landscapes in view of cross-cultural comparison. Both the photographs of the Cairngorms National Park of Scotland and those of the Jirisan National Park of Korea were used for selecting typical landscape of each National Park. To measure landscape preferences, a photo-questionnaire was implemented to the visitors of each National Park. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between age and number of visits and that Cairngorms visitors had visited the Park more frequently. The high typicality of Cairngorms landscape was negatively related to visual preferences. On the other hand, in case of Jirisan visitors, the high typicality of Jirlsan landscape was positively related to visual preferences. Although there was a significant relationship between typicality and visual preference, the way in which they were related differed between the separate cultural regions.