• Educational Technology International
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-33
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• 2018

The present study aimed to develop a self-reported measurement instrument - the Empathetic School Community Competency Inventory (ESCCI)-to better understand members' empathetic sense to schools as their community in the context of secondary schools in South Korea. Based on a synthesis of the literature on the school community, empathy, and competencies, and a series of preliminary analyses with a panel of expert judges and pilot tests, initial ESCCI items were developed. In total, 435 students and 134 teachers from secondary schools in South Korea provided usable data as measured by the ESCCI. The results of EFA and CFA suggested a five-factor model: culture of respect ( α = .94), empathetic community identity ( α = .93), communication structure (α = .91), emotion immersion (α = .91), and caring process (α =.89) with χ² (980, n = 285) = 3080.169; p-value < .0001, RMSEA = 0.068; 90% CI [.059, .064], p-value < .0001; CFI = .88; SRMR = 0.04; and TLI = .88, leaving 46 items out of initially developed 76 items. The ESCCI model developed based on the findings of the study can be used to assess schools' competency as an empathetic community and design programs to promote empathetic school cultures in secondary schools in South Korea. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.194-210
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• 2022

The monthly inventory of dissolved inorganic carbon (C_T) and its fluxes were simulated using a box-model for the southeastern Yellow Sea, bordering the northern East China Sea. The monthly C_T data was constructed by combining the observed data representing four seasons with the data adopted from the recent publications. A 2-box-model of the surface and deep layers was used, assuming that the annual C_T inventory was at the steady state and its fluctuations due to the advection in the surface box were negligible. Results of the simulation point out that the monthly C_T inventory variation between the surface and deep box was driven primarily by the mixing flux due to the variation of the mixed layer depth, on the scale of -40~35 mol C m^-2 month^-1. The air to sea CO₂ flux was about 2 mol C m^-2 yr^-1 and was lower than 1/100 of the mixing flux. The biological pump flux estimated magnitude, in the range of 4-5 mol C m^-2 yr^-1, is about half the in situ measurement value reported. The C_T inventory of the water column was maximum in April, when mixing by cooling ceases, and decreases slightly throughout the stratified period. Therefore, the total C_T inventory is larger in the stratified period than that of the mixing period. In order to maintain a steady state, 18 mol C m^-2 yr^-1 (= 216 g C m^-2 yr^-1), the difference between the maximum and minimum monthly CT inventory, should be transported out to the East China Sea. Extrapolating this flux over the entire southern Yellow Sea boundary yields 4 × 10⁹ g C yr^-1. Conceptually this flux is equivalent to the proposed continental shelf pump. Since this flux must go through the vast shelf area of the East China Sea before it joins the open Pacific waters the actual contribution as a continental shelf pump would be significantly lower than reported value. Although errors accompanied the simple box model simulation imposed by the paucity of data and assumptions are considerably large, nevertheless it was possible to constrain the relative contribution among the major fluxes and their range that caused the C_T inventory variations, and was able to suggest recommendations for the future studies.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of progressive muscle relaxation therapy on nausea, vomiting and anxiety experienced by children who were histologically diagnosed as malignancy and have received cancer chemotherapy. Twenty subjects with 10 in experimental group and 10 in control group, between the age of 7 to 12 years participated in this study. All subjects were admitted for inpatients chemotherapy at the S hospital between April to August 1998. The methods used for interventional muscle relaxation were both the 16 items of the progressive muscle relaxation therapy developed by Jacobson and the 4 items of the muscle relaxation therapy by Wolpe. The method for assessing nausea, vomiting was the Index of Nausea and Vomiting by Rhodes et al and that for anxiety was State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children by Spielberger. The data was analysed by repeated measures ANOVA and Scheffe test using SAS program. The results were as follows : 1. On measurement of nausea, vomiting, in the experimental group, the mean values of the second and the third measurements showed tendency to slightly decrease compared with the first measurement, but there was no statistically significance. And in the control group, there were no significant differences among first measurement, second measurement and third measurement. Also there was no significant difference in the mean values assessing nausea, vomiting between experimental and control group (F=1.33, p=0.2645). 2. The results assessing state anxiety showed, in the experimental group, progressive decrease in mean values at each measurement, while the control group showed no significant differences between the mean values of each measurement. Also there was statistically significant difference in state anxiety measurements between experimental and control group(F=4.36, p=0.05). In conclusion, muscle relaxation therapy for school-aged children with chemotherapy could not be effective to decrease nausea, vomiting, but it could be effective to decrease anxiety.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.77-97
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• 2007

Objectives : The aim of this study is to introduce pain measurement tools that are considered suitable for clinical practice and research for Korean Medicine Doctors. Methods : We analysed some widely used and also useful pain measurement tools in terms of their methods and dimensions. Results : Diagrams, scales and questions are usually used to measure pain intensity, temporal pattern, treatment including exacerbating and/or relieving factors, pain location, pain interference, pain quality, pain affect, pain duration, pain beliefs and pain history. Specific pain measurements are also available for specific conditions such as Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, Oswestry Disability Index and Neck Disability Index. Conclusions : Faces Pain Rating Scale, numeric rating scale, visual analogue scale, McGill Pain Questionnaire and Brief Pain Inventory and commonly used pain measurements. Specific measurements should be considered depending on research topics.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.6 s.113
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of natural landscapes in the context of work environments. The study examined the impact of natural landscapes on urban office workers' stress reduction and cognitive performance, using physiological, psychological, and cognitive measures. One-hundred-twenty urban office workers participated in the experiments. The physiological measures used were GSR (galvanic skin response) and IBI (interbeat interval), and the psychological measure was ZIPERS (Zucherman Inventory of Personal Reactions). Cognitive performance was measured using a mental arithmetic test that had been developed by a pretest. The results from the physiological, psychological, and cognitive measures converged to indicate that the natural landscape had more beneficial effects in relieving both psychological and physiological stress and in enhancing cognitive performance of the of office workers than the city landscape. The results suggest wide applications in the fields of workers' well-being and landscape research. First, the results can provide reliable information for promoting natural landscaping in work places in order to relieve worker stress and enhance cognitive performance. Second, the results provide an example for future empirical landscape research using multiple measurements, such as psychological, physiological, and cognitive tests. Third, they can foster experimental research to investigate the relationship between stress reduction and natural landscapes.

• Journal of Platform Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.66-75
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• 2023

Hydrological survey measurement technology has improved due to the introduction of high-tech equipment and advances in technology, but hydrological survey still requires a lot of manpower and time, and the manpower invested is very limited compared to the size and scope of work. In addition, although automatic flow measurement facilities are in operation, it is difficult to expand them nationwide due to limited field conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the operating infrastructure and environment rather than the measurement technology itself for hydrological investigation. In addition, in terms of flow investigation, it is necessary to schedule an investigation using real-time water level information in order to inventory the accuracy of the water-flow relationship equation and improve work efficiency. Therefore, in this paper, research related to domestic hydrological surveys was analyzed and a hydrological survey scheduling system using real- time water level information based on Open API was implemented to increase the economic and efficiency of hydrological surveys.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.556-567
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• 2016

The aim of this study is to make an education satisfaction assessment tool in university. For this, the related study, researchers meeting were conducted and 20 university students were involved in checking items, and then inventory items were completed. The pilot test was conducted at university in Choongnam Province for EFA(Exploratory Factor Analysis by using outcome data. From them, 4 sub-areas and 12 factors were consisted. The 4 sub-areas are education method, education contents, education environment, and education outputs. The education method is composed of appropriateness and fairness of classroom activities, the education contents are composed of systemization of education contents, the diversity and quality of education contents, and the effectiveness of education contents. The education environment is configured as educational facilities and environment, educational supporting service and administrative services. For content validity, items which adapted over 0.90 S-CVI : Standard Content Validity Index. To 48 inventory items obtained proper contents validity and reliability, measurement of suitability of verification was conducted. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of reliability test has emerged as highly 0.987. In CFA(Complimentary Factor Analysis), CFGFI, CFL, TLI, RMSEA, NFI indexes show a good value, therefore, this assessment tool for educational satisfaction in university is suitable for measuring tool.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2015

Purpose: This study is to find relationship between cancer patient's spiritual health and the level of their anxiety and pain. Methods: From April 27 through May 11, 2012, a survey was conducted with 167 cancer patients hospitalized at a university hospital in Busan. Spiritual health was measured by the Spiritual Health Inventory developed by Highfield (1992). The instrument for anxiety measurement was the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory by Spielberger (1975) and that for pain was the Visual Analogue Scale (2009). The association between patients' characteristics and spiritual health, anxiety or pain degree were analyzed using the ANOVA test. The interrelationship between spiritual health, anxiety and pain was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results: The patients exhibited a moderate degree of spiritual health and anxiety and a mild level of pain. Patients' spiritual health significantly differed by their religion, education, monthly income of the family, illness conditions, physical conditions, metastasis, daily living and support. Their anxiety level was significantly different according to age, religion, education, illness conditions, physical conditions, metastasis, daily living, family/friends' support and use of analgesics. Significant differences were also found in the level of pain according to illness conditions, physical conditions, metastasis, daily living, family/friends' support and use of analgesics. We found a moderately negative correlation between spiritual health and anxiety. Anxiety and pain showed a positive correlation, and spiritual health and pain exhibited a negative correlation. Conclusion: To help cancer patients to manage their spiritual health, anxiety and pain, a program should be developed considering the primary factors discussed in this study.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.749-765
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• 2015

This study is aimed at validation of the Korean Version of the Perfectionism Inventory which was developed by Hill et al.(2004). To do so, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis with 167 science high school and 161 middle school gifted students were conducted. It appeared 6 factor structure consisting of 'Self-Evaluative Perfection Strivings', 'Parental Pressure', 'Planfulness', 'Striving for Excellence', 'High Standards for Others', and 'Organization', which does not support 8 factor of the original scale. As a result, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ ranged from .78 to .92 for subscale of PI and .93 for the total scale. The fit of measurement model was found to be ${\chi}^2=1257.618$ (df=792, p=.00), TLI=.903, CFI=.911, RMSEA=.047, indicating most of fit indexes were acceptable. Also, the validity of the scale was examined by the correlations between the PI and MPS. PI Korean version is significant to confirm the factor structure and validity of perfectionism which was influenced by characteristics of gifted students and Korean culture. These results show that the PI is quite reliable and valid tool for measuring perfectionism for gifted students.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.41-72
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of assertiveness training and value clarification training on nurse's conflict and conflict management mode. Fifty seven registered nurses participated in the study ; they were employed by three general hospital located in Daegu, Korea. The study employs two treatment groups. The assertiveness training group consisted of subjects who participated in 90-120 minutes sessions of assertiveness training nine times over five weeks. The other treatment group, was adiministed nine, 90-120 minutes sessions of value clarification during the same period. For the control group, nursing subjects were appointed the training after five weeks. Pre-test evaluation were administered to all subjects in three groups prior to one week of the treatment. Role conflict Inventory-general(RCI-G) and Communication Conflict Inventory-general (CCI-G) measure nurse's conflict management mode. Post-test evaluation were administered to all subjects in three groups two weeks after the last session by Role Conflict Inventory-Specific(RCI-S), Communication Conflict Inventory-Specific (CCI-S), Management Model-Specific(CMMI-S). The analysis of variance(ANOVA) and covariance(ANCOVA) on gain scores were running the SPSS program. In order to test statistical differences among mean scores of the scales obtained after treatment, multiple comparisons were carried out by Turkey method. Conclusions obtained from the results are as follows. 1. The assertiveness training and the value clarification training were effective in decreasing the nurse's role conflict. The value clarification was more effective than the assertiveness training in decreasing the nurse's role conflict. 2. Both assertiveness training and value clarification training were effective in decreasing nurse's communication conflict. There was, however, no differences between assertiveness training and value clarification training in decreasing the nurse's communication conflict. 3. The assertiveness training and the value clarification training were quite effective in compromizing and collaborating conflict management mode, to reducing the withdrawl and accomodate, force and accomodate conflict management mode to conflict. There was no difference in the effectiveness of assertiveness training and value clarification. In assessing the effects of the treatments, this study employed different measurements. It is unclear whether the measurement affected the test results. It is worth conducting a further test using the same measurements. The results of future studies can be compared with those of this study. The homogeneity of the control group and treatment group is questionable. Futher studies may employ homogeneous sample group to evaluate whether the sample characteristics bias the test results. Assertiveness training or value clarification training for nurses can be utilized in nursing intervention.