• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.261-282
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• 2005

In the 21st century, both globalization and e-Transformation trends of business in China have been in progress simultaneously and very rapidly. Due to those phenomena, there is consequently big change not only in the field of political-economy but also in the cultural trend of the world. But, despite of the importance of mutual cooperation between Korea and China, the research about Chinese cyber culture is neglected relatively. The purpose of this study is to review the cyber cultural aspect of business between two countries, and to devise proper measures for cultural cooperation not only reengineering the role of two countries but developing mutual benefit in East Asia in the era of global competition. The methodology used in this study is basically depending on theoretical study. Major findings are as follows: China has some cyber-cultural characteristics like very big size of netizen, heaven on earth of counterfeit, deepening in digital divide, etc. And Chinese traditional off-line culture has changed as the cyber culture spreaded over in cyberspace recently. But, on the other hand, cultural trends are changed to homogeneity both in nation-side which is between Korea and China and in space-side which is between online and offline culture. It is recommended that Korea and China have to endeavor to understand mutual culture, and to utilize the cyber culture in the respect of business cooperation. Consequently, two countries should effort to prepare exchange program for both netizen group, to design culture-networking system, to strengthen cyber-cultural marketing, and to make good use of both Korean Cultural Wave(said Han-Ryu) and Chinese Cultural Wave(said Hwa-Ryu).

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.131-144
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• 2019

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to investigate market power of soybeans exported by the United States to Korea. Particularly, this paper considered dichotomous characteristics of genetically modified (GM) soybeans and non-GM soybeans and conducted empirical analysis of these two segregated soybean markets to understand key tenets of market power in international soybean trade. Design/methodology - The difference in market power between GM and non-GM soybeans was analyzed using Residual Demand Elasticity (RDE) and Residual Supply Elasticity (RSE) models over the period of 2008~2018. RDE and RSE models under an imperfect competition condition were used to estimate market margins and determine whether GM and non-GM exporters or importers exercised market power in the destination market. Findings - Empirical results suggested that the U.S. had a market power on both GM and non-GM soybean exports. GM exports had greater market power than non-GM exports (14% vs. 9%). By contrast, Korea showed an inability to grab market margin or exert market power in soybean imports. Both export supply by the U.S. and import demand by Korea were found to be more responsive to price changes of GM soybeans than to prices changes of non-GM soybeans. This might be due to a self-interested, profit-seeking strategy by the exporter and many concerned consumers regarding potential adverse effects of GMOs in the importing country. Originality/value - This paper fills the literature gap by exploiting market power in both GM and non-GM markets with explicit consideration of price correlations between GM and non-GM soybeans in Korea. A number of existing studies have provided evidence for market power broadly embedded in international commodity trade. However, studies focusing on Korean markets are limited. No study has explored the country's soybean trade. Furthermore, the majority of prior studies have almost exclusively focused on the market power from a standpoint of exporting countries without discussing importers' market structure. This paper also sought to understand potentially distinguished patterns of market power between GM and non-GM markets.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.103-111
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• 2005

By international lighting market's growth and domestic landscape lighting market's growth, the latest lighting market is activated. But, They are doing price competition that domestic lighting technology and development technology of lighting fixtures design do not possess international competitiveness than these change. Specially, as image of area and the country can be influenced greatly by cityscape at present visual point that many interests are converged country and identity establishment of local government, many cities are using force hereupon. Constructs which cityscape is various including natural ecology area of life environment gather and are done Image creation and this people's consciousness and culture living soon inside thing which do speaking by proxy be. Than city's night view nature lighting more than by spectacle lighting along with life lighting to basis materialize can. It is meaning more than thing that fine view of city becomes beautiful simply that night view of city becomes superior, that means that city efficiency and quality of life are exalted by a word. Wish to establish effective lighting technology and new product design process through PLS lighting technical development and 300 W lighting fixtures design development hereupon, and raise domestic spectacle lighting market's localization and domestic lighting market's competitive power furthermore.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.383-391
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• 2003

The purpose of this research explain the meaning of the environmental design principles and cultural landscape pattern(dualistic space organization) of the Hahoe(河回:winding river village) the Yangdong(良洞) traditional village. Village's space organizations based on Shamanism, fin-yang and Five elements principle, Feng-shui idea, social system and Confucian ideas. And it were accomplish curat landscape pattern(village:form+object=pattern) through the frame of settlement space. As a central persons of villages(the Hahoe $.$ the Yangdong) construction, Suhae(西厓) experienced tough Chunghyodang - Wonjichongsa - Ogyonchongsa - Pyongsansowon channel(忠孝堂 -遠志精舍 -玉端精含 -脣山書院) and Kyomam(謙 ) experienced tough Yangjindang - Binyeonchongsa - Kyomamchongsa - Hwachonsodang(養眞堂 - 賓淵精舍 - 謙庵f精舍 - 花川書堂) channel. Also Woojae(愚齋) experienced tough Suhbackdang - Khankachung - Dongkangsowon(書百堂 - 觀稼停 - 東江書院) and Hoejae(晦齋) experienced tough Moochumdang - Hyangdan - Oaksansowon(無添堂 - 香壇 - 玉山書院). It is space organization of themselves interact contrast and sequence principles with competition in good faith. And ecological art-space, that is, environmental spare organizations of traditional village has been reflected harmony between nature and artificiality, spatial rhythm and sequence, spatial hierarchy between upper classes and humble class, permeability space, asymmetrical balance, aesthetic space perception. The humble classes hold a ceremony Hahoe's Pyolsingut-Talnori(maskdance drama), Dangjae(堂祭:religious service) at the Dang(堂:shamanism spot) and Yangdong's Sohraesulnori, Hohminori. And the upper class hold a ceremony Hahoe's Julbulnori and Yangdong's Chungjanori connected with culture of confucianism. Specially, the cultural structure cf the village is evidence of a contrast between the upper class and the humble classes, time, method and location of ceremony(performance).

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to guide the research direction for securing the competitiveness of the textile industry by analyzing the trends of patent technology development for flexible materials and platform technologies of domestic and overseas textiles used for wearable devices. The study is based on patents from Korea (KIPO), USA (USPTO), Japan (JPO), Europe (EPO), PCT (WO), and China (SIPO), which were registered as of December 31, 2017. The analysis utilized 3,643 patents acquired from the WINTELIPS search DB. The technology classification system for patent analysis was divided into evangelist-based textile technology developments: human body (AA), fiber attachment patch development (AB), and service platform development (AC). The analysis findings are as follows: 1. The development of flexible materials and platform technologies for textile-based wearable devices has increased since 2000. In particular, China (SIPO) had the most patents. 2. In China, Japan, and Korea, most patent applicants are applied for by natives, but the US has a high proportion of foreigners applying for patents. 3. As for the amount of development of the evangelist-based textile technology (AA) was the most common with 1,203 (33%) cases. As a result of the above IP historical analysis, it can be seen that as a result of the global competition, domestic companies need to acquire IRP and standard technology, and promote commercialization by applying their products to smart wearables devices and other products.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.151-159
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• 2020

This paper puts forward protection strategies for the environmental problems of Busan coastline, providing theoretical basis and guiding standards for the tourism development and environmental transformation of the coastline. The order of research is to deduce the factors that affect environmental problems from the theoretical coastline development characteristics. The investigation method of spatial structure combined with time axis is adopted, and historical images and image processing techniques are used to find the characteristics of morphological changes of Busan coastline. The three types of natural coastline, artificial coastline and ecological restoration coastline are analyzed through the five factors that affect the fluctuation, extensibility, greening rate, concealment and vision of space. According to the above discussion, international competition examples are introduced to find solutions. Finally, environmental protection schemes are put forward from five aspects of tourism, accidents, development, culture and transformation. In the future research, it will focus on the transformation of coastline space to provide a more humanized activity space for coastline residents.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.51-62
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• 2018

This study examines the site and erection of the Government Complex Seoul which was a project attempted to assemble dispersed government buildings in a certain place. The study focuses on the fact that the project is situated between the 1960s' making of capital Seoul and Seoul urban planning, and the way how the project achieved symbolism in capital Seoul. The project, one of the 1960s' Major Government Buildings, led both plan of capital Seoul and transforming city Seoul. The 1960s' Major Government Building Plan had identical drive with the 1950's Major Government Building Plan, however the 1960s' had additional layer: Seoul urban planning. After restoration of the Capital building, Sejongro the capital street was planned to the site arranging government offices. The Government Complex Seoul was set to be a modern building on a site with historical context according to the plan. Because of the site, the Government Complex Seoul was constructed in aware of other buildings that represented a competitive high-rise atmosphere in the late 1960s, including the Capital building nearby. PAE International's plan was completed through a series of design modification, and it boasted a vertical aspect, unlike the horizontal-looking plan that was already won after the design competition. The Government Complex Seoul tried to acquire the symbolism in the central space of the capital Seoul and high-rised city Seoul. "The new construction method" was a requirement to achieve the height.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2008

Although the Dreamland site was the only flat amusement park in the northern part of Seoul, the site lost its function as a regional park due to aging and, therefore, was no longer in use. The site is surrounded by currently existing high dense low-story housing blocks and proposed new towns. A renovation plan for Dreamland was raised by the City of Seoul to enhance the quality of the urban environment in the northern part of Seoul. This study articulates the design concepts and strategies of the prizewinning work of the International Design Competition for Gangbuk Large Park. The three key points can be summarized as follows: First, this design proposal tried to find a new possibility for a large mountain park in an urban areas. These days, mountain parks are used limitedly as ordinary living spaces for activities such as a walking, hiking, and physical training. New strategies were sought to reconstruct the sentiment with which our ancestors enjoyed the mountains. Second, this proposal tried to make Dreamland a socially self-sufficient park. We designed a park which generates self-energy and which communicates with the city, not a park which only exists as a green island in a city. Lastly, rain fed paddy fields, a typical Korean vernacular landscape, was a tangible space which represented people's life-styles harmonizing with the nature. Rain fed paddy fields is a design motif which puts the three surrounding mountains together with the site. It is expected that the new design will works as a noted place.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.25-38
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• 2020

The objective of this study is to propose a direction for creating a memorial park for the 250 students victims of the Sewol ferry disaster. To this end, this study first attempted to understand the matters discussed at various levels to create a memorial park and find a way that the park can be built by gathering opinions from the bereaved families and the victims themselves, as well as local residents, and experts. Workshops, competitions, special lectures, and websites, etc, were analyzed. A social discourse analysis methodology was used for systematic analysis, and the analyzed discourse was categorized into 4 types for assessment, and the functions and roles were subdivided into 15 types. To assess the priorities and the adequacy of the discourse, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used among 30 activists, public servants, and experts. Then, a survey was conducted to analyze the perception of the residents (467 participants including the bereaved families) about the memorial park. Based on the results of the analysis, two directions were set for the memorial park. First, is a memorial park to remember the victims in everyday life. It must be a park with various cultural contents instead of a conventional memorial park that is solemn and grave sharing anguish and sorrow. The memorial park for the Sewol ferry disaster must become a space where visitors can naturally encounter and remember the victims. Second, is a park that serves as a catalyst that brings change and innovation to the community. It must be able to bring change to the community with direct and indirect influence. It must serve as an impetus to bring change and innovation to the community in the mid-to-long-term. Having many visitors may also lead to an economic effect. These visitors may not just stay in the park, but even contribute to revitalizing the local businesses. The purpose of this study is to apply the research findings to guide the International Design Competition scheduled for 2020 and serve to establish guidelines for a continuous park management system.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.5-14
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• 2013

Purpose - We live in a world of constant change and competition. Many airports have specific competitiveness goals and strategies for achieving and maintaining them. The global economic recession, financial crises, and rising oil prices have resulted in an increasingly important role for facility investment and renewal and the implementation of appropriate policies in ensuring the competitive advantage for airports. It is thus important to analyze the factors that enhance efficiency and productivity for an airport. This study aims to determine the efficiency levels of 20 major airports in East Asia, Europe, and North America. Further, this study also suggests suitable policies and strategies for their development. Research design, data, and methodology - This paper employs the DEA-CCR, DEA-BCC, and DEA-Malmquist production index analysis models to determine airport efficiency. The study uses data on the efficiency and productivity of the world's leading airports between 2006 and 2010. The input variables include the airport size, the number of runways, the size of passenger terminals, and the size of cargo terminals. The output variables include the annual number of passengers and the annual cargo volume. The study uses basic data from the 2010 World Airport Traffic Report (ACI). The world's top 20 airports (as rated by the ACI report) are investigated. The study uses the expanded DEA Model and the Super Efficiency Model to identify the most effective airports among the top 20. The Malmquist productivity index analysis is used to measure airport effectiveness. Results - This study analyzes longitudinal and cross-sectional data on the world's top 20 airports covering 2006 to 2010. A CCR analysis shows that the most efficient airports in 2010 were Gatwick Airport (LGW), Zurich Airport (ZRH), Vienna Airport (VIE), Leonardo da Vinci Fiumicino Airport (FCO), Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), Seattle-Tacoma Airport (SEA), San Francisco Airport (SFO), HongKong Airport (HKG), Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK), and Shanghai Pudong Airport (PVG). We find that changes in airport productivity are affected more by technical factors than by airport efficiency. Conclusions - Based on the study results, we offer four airport development proposals. First, a benchmark airport needs to be identified. Second, inefficiency must be reduced and high-cost factors need to be managed. Third, airport operations should be enhanced through technical innovation. Finally, scientific demand forecasting and facility preparation must become the focus of attention. This paper has some limitations. Because the Malmquist productivity index is based on the hypothesis of the, the identified production change could be over- or under-estimated. Further, as DEA estimates the relative efficiency. It also cannot generalize to include all airport conditions because the variables are limited. To measure airport productivity more accurately, other input variables and environmental variables such as financial and policy factors should be included.