• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.861-868
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• 2019

최근 들어 빅데이터와 사물인터넷 그리고 인공지능 등 다양한 서버 기반의 서비스가 온라인상에서 이루어지고 있다. 이에 따라 안정적인 서버 운영을 지원하는 IDC(Internet Data Center)의 수요도 커지고 있다. IDC는 안정적인 회선과 전력공급시설을 갖춘 서버 입주시설로써 효율적으로 구분되어진 랙 단위 서브네트워크 상에 서버를 20~30대씩 묶어 관리하는 시설이다. 여기서는 랙 단위로 서버들의 보안, 방화벽, 트래픽 등을 효율적으로 관리해주는 방법이 필요하다. 즉 라우터, 방화벽, IPS 그리고 회선속도를 제어해 주는 트래픽쉐이핑 기능과 최근 관심 분야인 VPN 기술까지 지원해야 한다. 이를 지원하기 위해 3~5종의 상용 장비를 채택할 경우 도입비용은 물론 운용관리에 큰 부담일수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 5가지 기능을 하나의 랙 단위 소형 통합보안라우터에 구현하는 방법을 제시하고, 특히 IDC에서는 필수 기술인 트래픽 쉐이핑과 IPS를 융합 구현하며 이에 따른 효용성도 제시하고자 한다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1726-1733
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• 2019

움직임은 삶의 모든 것이며 음악은 우리의 전반적인 삶과 함께하고 있다. 움직임과 소리를 바탕으로 탄생한 예술은 기술과 밀접한 관계를 가지고 발전하며 시대를 반영해 왔으며 디지털 시대에 새로운 문화콘텐츠를 만들어가고 있다. 융합 예술과 교육에 있어 음악과 신체의 움직임이 접목되는 빈도에 비해 다양한 분야의 학문적 지식과 경험을 가진 전문가와 연구기관의 부재는 현실적 문제이다. 외국 대학의 선례를 통해 음악, 움직임을 구성하는 가장 기초적인 원리인 '리듬'을 연구하는 학문인 리드믹을 소개하고 함께 연구되는 분야인 음악생리학과 음악인의학 그리고 행위예술과학에 대해 살펴보며 국내 도입의 필요성을 제기한다. 격변하는 디지털 시대에 유일하게 '나 자신'이 주체가 되는 움직임을 생리학과 의학을 통해 체계적으로 인지하고 음악을 매개체로 과학적으로 움직이고 표현하는 연구 분야를 개척해 융합시대와 교육에 새로운 방향을 제시한다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.1526-1532
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• 2021

Suaeda australis, Phragmites australis, Suaeda maritima, Suaeda glauca Bunge, and Limonium tetragonum in the Seocheon salt marsh on the west coast of the Korean Penincula were sampled in order to identify the endophytes inhabiting the roots. A total of 128 endophytic fungal isolates belonging to 31 different genera were identified using the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene. Fusarium, Paraconiothyrium and Alternaria were the most commonly isolated genera in the plant root samples. Various diversity indicators were used to assess the diversity of the isolated fungi. Pure cultures containing each of the 128 endophytic fungi, respectively, were tested for the plant growth-promoting abilities of the fungus on Waito-C rice germinals. The culture filtrate of the isolate Lt-1-3-3 significantly increased the growth of shoots compared to the shoots treated with the control. Lt-1-3-3 culture filtrate was analyzed and showed the presence of gibberellins (GA₁ 2.487 ng/ml, GA₃ 2.592 ng/ml, GA₉ 3.998, and GA₂₄ 6.191 ng/ml). The culture filtrate from the Lt-1-3-3 fungal isolate produced greater amounts of GA₉ and GA₂₄ than the wild-type Gibberella fujikuroi, a fungus known to produce large amounts of gibberellins. By the molecular analysis, fungal isolate Lt-1-3-3 was identified as Gibberella intermedia, with 100% similarity.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.227-232
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• 2022

본 논문은 다원화하고 있는 현대 도예에 분야에서 퍼포펀스와 융합한 작품들에 주목하며 도예 퍼포먼스 작품이 담고 있는 수행적 표현과 의미를 연구 및 분석하였다. 이에 미켈 바르셀로, 요제프 나즈, 이강효, 테리 프레임, 제이제이 맥크라켄의 도예 퍼포먼스 작품들을 분석한 후 퍼포먼스의 수행성과 효과에 대하여 알아본다. 연구 결과 도예 퍼포먼스는 점토를 이용한 신체적 행위를 통해 일반적인 도예 작품에서 보여주는 표현 형식과 제작과정을 넘어서는 확장성을 보여준다. 또한 행위자의 실시간 공연으로 사건을 만들어가는 과정적 체현으로 작가와 관객이 서로 관계하는 열린 구조를 통해 기존과 다른 방식의 해석과 이해를 할 수 있게 하였다. 타 매체와의 융합적 시도는 현대 도예에서 탈경계성을 함의하며 새로운 영역으로의 확장 가능성을 보여준다. 이것으로 공예적 특성이 강한 도예 분야의 관념적 틀을 깨는 긍정적 영향을 기대한다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2022

Background: Obesity weakens acquired immunity and causes infection. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the inflammatory markers in the gingival crevicular fluid and serum and periodontal bacteria in saliva through obesity control for 4 weeks. Methods: Forty-six subjects with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥23 kg/m² stayed in the camp for 4 weeks, followed by exercise and a low salt-low fat diet. Body size measurements, oral examinations, blood, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid were collected before and after the program. C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, and interleukin (IL)-1β in the gingival sulcus fluid were measured. After extracting bacterial genomic DNA from saliva, the presence of periodontal bacteria were detected using Taq probe. The relationship of each index before and after the program was analyzed through paired t-test and partial correlation analysis. Results: Campylobacter rectus (Cr) increased after the program, and there was no significant change in other bacteria. Serum CRP and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Cr, ratio of Fn, and ratio of Cr had a positive relationship at baseline; however, the relationship was not significant after the program. Ratio of Prevotella intermedia had a positive relationship with MMP-9, MMP-8, IL-1β at baseline. Moreover, the ratio of Treponema denticola and the ratio of Tannerella forsythia showed a positive relationship with MMP-8, MMP-9, and IL-1β. The relationship between the ratio of Porphyromonas gingivalis and IL-1β showed a constant positive relationship at baseline and after the program. Conclusion: Obesity control program in subjects with a BMI of ≥23 kg/m² accompanied by diet and exercise did not affect the changes in periodontal bacteria itself, but changes in the relationship between periodontal bacteria and serum CRP, the relationship between the inflammatory index in the gingival crevicular fluid and periodontal bacteria was observed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.394-410
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the microbial composition of 3 types of oral samples through 16S metagenomic sequencing to determine how to resolve some sampling issues that occur during the collection of sub-gingival plaque samples. Methods: In total, 20 subjects were recruited. In both the healthy and periodontitis groups, samples of saliva and supra-gingival plaque were collected. Additionally, in the periodontitis group, sub-gingival plaque samples were collected from the deepest periodontal pocket. After DNA extraction from each sample, polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed on the V3-V4 hypervariable region on the 16S rRNA gene, followed by metagenomic sequencing and a bioinformatics analysis. Results: When comparing the healthy and periodontitis groups in terms of alpha-diversity, the saliva samples demonstrated much more substantial differences in bacterial diversity than the supra-gingival plaque samples. Moreover, in a comparison between the samples in the case group, the diversity score of the saliva samples was higher than that of the supra-gingival plaque samples, and it was similar to that of the sub-gingival plaque samples. In the beta-diversity analysis, the sub-gingival plaque samples exhibited a clustering pattern similar to that of the periodontitis group. Bacterial relative abundance analysis at the species level indicated lower relative frequencies of bacteria in the healthy group than in the periodontitis group. A statistically significant difference in frequency was observed in the saliva samples for specific pathogenic species (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Prevotella intermedia). The saliva samples exhibited a similar relative richness of bacterial communities to that of sub-gingival plaque samples. Conclusions: In this 16S oral microbiome study, we confirmed that saliva samples had a microbial composition that was more similar to that of sub-gingival plaque samples than to that of supra-gingival plaque samples within the periodontitis group.

• 대한치과의료관리학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.42-52
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• 2022

This study aimed to investigate the association of lifestyle with the copy number of periodontal pathogens. This retrospective study collected electronic health records of 102 subjects with periodontitis, including reports of bacterial genetic tests and lifestyle questionnaires. The five pathogens were analyzed as follows: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The lifestyle questionnaire included age, sex, oral hygiene management, smoking, drinking, exercise, dietary, snacks, water intake, and sleeping time. An independent t-test or ANOVA was performed to compare the copy number of periodontal pathogens according to lifestyle (α=0.05). The copy numbers of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum were significantly higher than those of other strains. The copy number of T. forsythia in patients who exercised was 54% lower than in those who did not (p=0.009). Other lifestyle factors did not affect the number of bacteria. Exercise habits among the lifestyles showed a association with the number of specific oral bacteria. This result suggests that a lifestyle questionnaire is essential in clinical situation and necessary to prevent and treat the periodontal disease effectively.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.77-87
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• 2022

Purpose: This pilot study assessed the immediate in vivo effect of high peak pulse power neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser monotherapy on selected red/orange complex periodontal pathogens in deep human periodontal pockets. Methods: Twelve adults with severe periodontitis were treated with the Laser-Assisted New Attachment Procedure (LANAP®) surgical protocol, wherein a free-running, digitally pulsed, Nd:YAG dental laser was used as the initial therapeutic step before mechanical root debridement. Using a flexible optical fiber in a handpiece, Nd:YAG laser energy, at a density of 196 J/cm² and a high peak pulse power of 1,333 W/pulse, was directed parallel to untreated tooth root surfaces in sequential coronal-apical passes to clinical periodontal probing depths, for a total applied energy dose of approximately 8-12 joules per millimeter of periodontal probing depth at each periodontal site. Subgingival biofilm specimens were collected from each patient before and immediately after Nd:YAG laser monotherapy from periodontal pockets exhibiting ≥6 mm probing depths and bleeding on probing. Selected red/orange complex periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, and Campylobacter species) were quantified in the subgingival samples using established anaerobic culture techniques. Results: All immediate post-treatment subgingival biofilm specimens continued to yield microbial growth after Nd:YAG laser monotherapy. The mean levels of total cultivable red/orange complex periodontal pathogens per patient significantly decreased from 12.0% pretreatment to 4.9% (a 59.2% decrease) immediately after Nd:YAG laser monotherapy, with 3 (25%) patients rendered culture-negative for all evaluated red/orange complex periodontal pathogens. Conclusions: High peak pulse power Nd:YAG laser monotherapy, used as the initial step in the LANAP® surgical protocol on mature subgingival biofilms, immediately induced significant reductions of nearly 60% in the mean total cultivable red/orange complex periodontal pathogen proportions per patient prior to mechanical root instrumentation and the rest of the LANAP® surgical protocol.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.409-421
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• 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence and bacterial load of 6 main periodontal pathogens between pairs of periodontal patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans genotypes were also investigated. Methods: Twenty patients affected by chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes were retrospectively selected and matched to 20 patients without diabetes on the basis of the degree and severity of periodontal disease. Microbiological data of subgingival biofilms were analysed and compared for the examined pathogens: A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Tannerella forsythia. Results: The pairs were balanced in terms of demographic and clinical parameters, except for bleeding on probing and suppuration. In the microbiological test sites (4 for each patient), the mean probing pocket depth was 6.34±1.63 mm in patients with diabetes and 6.41±1.78 mm in patients without diabetes. No significant difference between pairs in the prevalence of P. gingivalis or the distribution of its genotypes was recorded. Patients with diabetes had a significantly greater amount of total bacterial load, P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythia, and F. nucleatum (P<0.05). Moreover, patients with diabetes had a higher number of sites with a greater cell count than patients without diabetes. When compared to the total bacterial load, only T. forsythia maintained its relative load in patients with diabetes (P=0.001). Conclusions: This retrospective matched study supports the hypothesis that microbiological differences exist among periodontal patients with and without diabetes mellitus.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.168-180
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• 2022

Ephedra is a genus of the Ephedraceae family and is found in temperate regions, such as Central Asia and Europe. Among the various ephedra species, Ma Huang (Ephedra herb) is derived from the aerial parts of Ephedra sinica S tapf, Ephedra equisetina Bunge, and Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C.A. Mey. Ma Huang contains various ephedra alkaloids, including (-)-ephedrine, (+)-pseudoephedrine, (-)-norephedrine, (+)-norpseudoephedrine, (-)-methylephedrine, and (+)-methylpseudoephedrine, which are found naturally as single enantiomers, although they can be prepared as racemates. Although the use of Ma Huang in foods is prohibited in Korea, products containing Ma Huang can be imported, and so it is necessary to develop a suitable analytical technique for the detection of Ma Huang in foods. Herein, we report the development of analytical methods for the detection of ephedra alkaloids in products containing Ma Huang. Following sample purification by solid phase extraction, quantitative analysis was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Additionally, the enantiomers were successfully separated using HPLC-DAD. We successfully analyzed various food samples, where the ephedra alkaloids were qualitatively and quantitatively determined, and the enantiomers were separated. It is expected that these methods may contribute toward preventing the distribution of illegal products containing Ma Huang.