• 대한금속재료학회지
• /
• 제50권3호
• /
• pp.243-247
• /
• 2012

A ruthenium (Ru) catalytic layer and a conventional Pt layer were assessed as counter electrodes (CE) for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Ru films with different thicknesses of 34, 46, and 90 nm were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Pt layers with the same thicknesses were prepared by sputtering. $0.45cm^2$ DSSCs were prepared and their properties were characterized by FE-SEM, cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and current-voltage (I-V). FE-SEM revealed that the crystallized Ru films and Pt films had been deposited quite conformally. CV showed that the catalytic activity of Pt was much greater than that of Ru. In addition, although the catalytic activity of Pt did not depend on the thickness, that of Ru showed an increase with increasing thickness. Impedance analysis revealed high charge transfer resistance at the Ru interface and a decrease with increasing Ru thickness, whereas Pt showed low resistance with no thickness dependence. Despite the relatively small catalytic activity of Ru, the I-V result revealed the average energy conversion efficiency of Ru and Pt to be 2.98% and 6.57%, respectively. These results suggest that Ru can be used as counter electrodes in DSSCs due to its extremely low temperature process compatibility.

• Electronic Materials Letters
• /
• 제14권6호
• /
• pp.669-677
• /
• 2018

In this work, the high ${\kappa}$ $Zr_xAl_{1-x}O_y$ films with a different Zr concentration have been deposited by atomic layer deposition, and the effect of Zr concentrations on the structure, chemical composition, surface morphology and dielectric properties of $Zr_xAl_{1-x}O_y$ films is analyzed by Atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and capacitance-frequency measurement. The effect of Zr concentrations of $Zr_xAl_{1-x}O_y$ gate insulator on the electrical property and stability under negative bias illumination stress (NBIS) or temperature stress (TS) of ZnSnO (ZTO) TFTs is firstly investigated. Under NBIS and TS, the much better stability of ZTO TFTs with $Zr_xAl_{1-x}O_y$ film as a gate insulator is due to the suppression of oxygen vacancy in ZTO channel layer and the decreased trap states originating from the Zr atom permeation at the $ZTO/Zr_xAl_{1-x}O_y$ interface. It provides a new strategy to fabricate the low consumption and high stability ZTO TFTs for application.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.115-126
• /
• 2006

The Terra-Scope system is an affordable 4-D down-hole seismic monitoring system based on independent, microprocessor-controlled sensor Pods. The Pods are nominally 50 mm in diameter, and about 120 mm long. They are expected to cost approximately $6000 each. An internal 16-bit, extremely low power MCU controls all aspects of instrumentation, eight programmable gain amplifiers, and local signal storage. Each Pod measures 3-D acceleration, tilt, azimuth, temperature, and other parametric variables such as pore water pressure and pH. Each Pod communicates over a standard digital bus (RS-485) through a completely web-based GUI interface, and has a power consumption of less than 400 mW. Three-dimensional acceleration is measured by pure digital force-balance MEMS-based accelerometers. These accelerometers have a dynamic range of more than 115 dB and a frequency response from DC to 1000 Hz with a noise floor of less than $30ng_{rms}/{\surd}Hz$. Accelerations above 0.2 g are measured by a second set of MEMS-based accelerometers, giving a full 160 dB dynamic range. This paper describes the system design and the cooperative shared-time scheduler implemented for this project. Restraints accounted for include multiple data streams, integration of multiple free agents, interaction with the asynchronous world, and hardened time stamping of accelerometer data. The prototype of the device is currently undergoing evaluation. The first array will be installed in the spring of 2006.

• 설비공학논문집
• /
• 제28권8호
• /
• pp.305-310
• /
• 2016

A thermal storage systems was designed to correspond to the temporal or quantitative variation in the thermal energy demand, and most of its heat is stored using the latent and sensible heat of the heat storage material. The heat storage method using latent heat has a very complex phenomenon for heat transfer and thermal behavior because it is accompanied by a phase change in the course of heating/cooling of the heat storage material. Therefore, many studies have been conducted to produce an experimentally accessible as well as numerical approach to confirm the heat transfer and thermal behavior of phase change materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate the problems encountered during the actual heat transfer from an internal storage tank through simulation of the process of storing and utilizing thermal energy from the thermal storage tank containing charged PCM. This study used analysis methods to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of the PCM with simultaneous heating/cooling conditions in the rectangular space simulating the thermal storage tank. A numerical analysis was carried out in a state considering natural convection using the ANSYS FLUENT(R) program. The result indicates that the slope of the liquid-solid interface in the analysis field changed according to the temperature difference between the heating surface and cooling surface.

• 한국자기학회지
• /
• 제21권6호
• /
• pp.214-218
• /
• 2011

본 연구에서는 DC 마그네트론 스퍼터링을 이용해 MgO 단결정 기판 위에 성장된 Ag/CoFeB 박막의 스퍼터링 조건에 따른 박막 미세구조의 변화를 연구하였다. Ag 박막의 결정성 및 표면 거칠기는 인가전력(sputtering power) 및 증착온도의 변화에 따라 증착온도가 증가하는 경우 (200) 방향의 결정성이 향상되는 것을 확인하였으며, 인가전력이 증가되는 경우 표면 거칠기가 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 고분해능 TEM(transmission electron microscopy) 및 XRR(X-ray reflectivity) 측정을 통해 MgO 기판 위 Ag층의 켜쌓기 성장 및 MgO 기판과 Ag층 사이에 산화층에 해당하는 계면층이 존재하는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 증착온도의 증가에 따른 Ag의 섬상구조 형성 및 intermixing 효과에 의한 Ag/CoFeB 계면층의 변화 및 자기적 특성의 변화를 연구하였다.

• 한국표면공학회지
• /
• 제54권5호
• /
• pp.248-259
• /
• 2021

This study examined the influence of post weld heat treatment (PWHT) conditions on corrosion behaviors of laser-welded super duplex stainless steel tube. Due to the high cooling rate of laser welding, the phase fraction of ferrite and austenite in the weld metal became unbalanced significantly. In addition, the Cr₂N particles were precipitated adjacent to the fusion line, which can be susceptible to the localized corrosion. On the other hand, the phase fraction in the weld metal was restored at a ratio of 5:5 when exposed to temperatures above 1060 ℃ during the post weld heat treatment. Nevertheless, the high beltline speed during the PWHT, leading to the insufficient cooling rate, caused a precipitation of σ phase at the interface between ferrite/austenite in both weld metal and base metal. This resulted in the severe corrosion damages and significant decrease in critical pitting temperature (CPT), which was even lower than that measured in as-welded condition. Moreover, the fraction of σ phase in the center region of post weld heat treated steel tube was obtained to be higher than in the surface region. These results suggest that the PWHT conditions for the steel tube should be optimized to ensure the high corrosion resistance by excluding the precipitation of σ phase even in center region.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제53권11호
• /
• pp.3635-3642
• /
• 2021

Natural circulation systems (NCSs) are extensively applied in nuclear power plants because of their simplicity and inherent safety features. For some passive natural circulation systems in floating nuclear power plants (FNPPs), the ocean is commonly used as the heat sink. Condensation induced water hammer (CIWH) events may appear as the steam directly contacts the subcooled seawater, which seriously threatens the safe operation and integrity of the NCSs. Nevertheless, the research on the formation mechanisms of CIWH is insufficient, especially in NCSs. In this paper, the characteristics of flow rate and fluid temperature are emphatically analyzed. Then the formation types of CIWH are identified by visualization method. The experimental results reveal that due to the different size and formation periods of steam slugs, the flow rate presents continuous and irregular oscillation. The fluid in the horizontal hot pipe section near the water tank is always subcooled due to the reverse flow phenomenon. Moreover, the transition from stratified flow to slug flow can cause CIWH and enhance flow instability. Three types of formation mechanisms of CIWH, including the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, the interaction of solitary wave and interface wave, and the pressure wave induced by CIWH, are obtained by identifying 67 CIWH events.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제53권5호
• /
• pp.1540-1555
• /
• 2021

The plate-type fuel assembly adopted in nuclear research reactor suffers from complicated effect induced by non-uniform irradiation, which might affect its stress conditions, mechanical behavior and thermal-hydraulic performance. A reliable numerical method is of great importance to reveal the complex evolution of mechanical deformation, flow redistribution and temperature field for the plate-type fuel assembly under non-uniform irradiation. This paper is the first part of a two-part study developing the numerical methodology for the thermal-fluid-structure coupling behaviors of plate-type fuel assembly under irradiation. In this paper, the thermal-fluid-structure coupling methodology has been developed for plate-type fuel assembly under non-uniform irradiation condition by exchanging thermal-hydraulic and mechanical deformation parameters between Finite Element Model (FEM) software and Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software with Mesh-based parallel Code Coupling Interface (MpCCI), which has been validated with experimental results. Based on the established methodology, the effects of non-uniform irradiation and fluid were discussed, which demonstrated that the maximum mechanical deformation with irradiation was dozens of times larger than that without irradiation and the hydraulic load on fuel plates due to differential pressure played a dominant role in the mechanical deformation.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.22-28
• /
• 2019

To maximize the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in the electrolysis of water, nano-grade $IrO_2$ powder with a low specific surface was prepared as a catalyst for a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) system, and a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was prepared with a catalyst loading as low as $2mg\;cm^{-2}$ or less. The $IrO_2$ catalyst was composed of heterogeneous particles with particle sizes ranging from 20 to 70 nm, having a specific surface area of $3.8m^2g^{-1}$. The anode catalyst layer of about $5{\mu}m$ thickness was coated on the membrane (Nafion 117) for the MEA by the decal method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed strong adhesion at the interface between the membrane and the catalyst electrode. Although the loading of the $IrO_2$ catalyst was as low as $1.1-1.7mg\;cm^{-2}$, the SPE cell delivered a voltage of 1.88-1.93 V at a current density of $1A\;cm^{-2}$ and operating temperature of $80^{\circ}C$. That is, it was observed that the over-potential of the cell for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) decreased with increasing $IrO_2$ catalyst loading. The electrochemical stability of the MEA was investigated in the electrolysis of water at a current density of $1A\;cm^{-2}$ for a short time. A voltage of ~2.0 V was maintained without any remarkable deterioration of the MEA characteristics.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정보통신학회 2016년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.819-820
• /
• 2016

수배전분야는 고압 수배전반, 저압 수배전반, 모터 컨트롤 센터(motor control center; MCC)로 구성되며, MCC는 모터의 운전 및 정지를 할 수 있고, 이상상황 발생 시 비상정지 및 이상 상황에 대한 통보를 할 수 있도록 전자식 모터보호계전기(electronic over current relay; EOCR)가 사용되고 있다. 기존 EOCR은 과전류, 부족전류, 결상, 역상, 전류 불평형, 지락과 같은 전기적 결함 탐지는 가능하지만, 구속보호, 모터 고정자 및 회전자, 베어링 결함과 같은 기계적 결함은 탐지가 어렵다. 본 논문에서는 모터의 전기적, 기계적 결함을 탐지하기 위해 기존 EOCR의 전기적 결함 탐지에 기계적 결함 탐지를 결합하여 회전기기 보호장치를 위한 전기적인 결함과 기계적인 결함을 통합적으로 탐지할 수 있는 시스템을 제안한다. 회전기기 결함탐지를 위한 신호입력부 및 제어부, 시스템 인터페이스, 데이터 획득장치를 설계하였으며, 절연저항 측정, 모터 구속 측정 및 제어, MC 카운터 및 베어링 온도 측정 및 제어를 통해 전기적 결함과 기계적 결함 탐지가 가능하였다.