• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.228-239
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• 1999

In 1990 Home Care Education Programs started when legislation established certification for Home Care Nurses. The Ministry of Health and Welfare proposed a home care education curriculum which has 352 class hours and 248 hours of 'family nursing and practice'. Though Home Care Education Programs have been offered in 11 home care educational institutes, there has been no formal revision for the home care education programs. Also a first and second home care demonstration projects have been carried out, but there has been no research on outcomes for home care education as applied in home care practice. The purposes of this study were to identify the important content areas for home care nursing as perceived by home care nurses, and to identify their clinical competence in each of these areas, and from these to identify the education needs. The sample was 107 home care nurses who were working in home care demonstration hospitals and community-based institutions which have been offering home care services. Responses were received from 88 nurses, comprising a 82.2% return rate, and 86 were included in the final analysis. The instrument used was a modification of the instrument developed by Caie-Lawrence et(1995) and Moon's(1991) instrument on home care knowledge. The instrument's Cronbach's coefficient was 0.982. Among the respondents, 64% were working at home care demonstration hospitals and 36% were working at community-based institutions. Their home care experiences were from one month to six years, with a mean of 20.6 months. The importance rating for home care education content was 3.42 0.325, which means importance was rated relatively high. Technical aspects of home care were identified the most important. Five items 'education skill', 'counseling skill', 'interview skill', 'wound care skill', 'bed sore care skill' received 100% importance ratings. The competency rating was 2.87 0.367 and 'technical aspects of home care' was the highest, and 'application to home care skill' was the lowest. Home care nurses' education needs were identified and compared to the importance ratings and competency ratings. Eleven items were identified as the highest in the importance areas and eleven items were in the lowest competency areas. High importance ratings matched with low competency ratings determined training needs, but there was no matching items in this study. In the lowest competency areas four items were excluded, because of not being applicable in current home care practice. Therefore total eighteen items were identified as home care education needs. These items are 'bed sore care skill', 'malpractice', 'wound care skill', 'general infection control', 'change and management of tracheostomy tubes', 'CVA patient care', 'Hospice care', 'pain management', 'urinary catheterization and management', 'L-tube insertion and managements', 'Respirator use and management skill', 'infant care', 'prevention to burnout', 'child assessment', 'CAPD', 'infant assessment', 'computer literacy', and 'psychiatry patient care'.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.183-187
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to assess the level of contamination of dental equipment surfaces by Staphylococcus aureus and to obtain basic information for the prevention against cross infection between students and outpatients. Human samples were collected by rubbing the oral cavity, anterior noses, and lip of students and outpatients with sterile cotton swabs. Environmental samples were collected from 11 sites at practical laboratory, 4 sites at seminar room, and 5 sites at sterilizing room before, during, and after clinical procedures. These samples were cultured on brain-heart infusion agar at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Gram-stained and identified as S. aureus colonies were counted each period and these results were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA test. In human, oral cavity showed the greatest S. aureus counts and there were no statistically significant differences between students and outpatient. Practical laboratory revealed the greatest S. aureus among all environmental groups. The greatest number of S. aureus was observed during clinical procedures (P < 0.05) and light handles, chair head, and spittoon showed a high level of statistically significant differences. In conclusion, S. aureus was dispersed in human and dental clinical environment and increased their number during clinical procedures.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.76-93
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to define the core components required of nurses to provide quality nursing care to patients and analyze the significance of these components in the hospital's various units to maintain a high level of competence among nurses. Method: The study evaluated 3 categories included 35 subcategories with 148 core components that were derived from literature review and interviews of nursing professionals. The nursing professional category included 18 subcategories with 98 components, the organizational culture category included 4 subcategories with 16 components, and the temperament-attitude category included 13 subcategories with 34 components. The study included 335 nurses with more than one year of hospital experience and measured disparities among different hospital units. The data was analyzed with SPSS-Win 10.0, differing perceptions of the importance of general traits among the participants were measured using standard deviation, and differing perceptions of the importance of professional traits among the participants were assessed using ANOVA and subsequently with the Bonferroni Test. The reliability of the aforementioned research tools were evaluated using the Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. Result: The results of the study were as follows: 1. Among the three categories, temperament-attitude category was perceived to be the most important, followed by nursing professional category and organizational culture category. Among the ten most important subcategories within the three categories, safety and infection prevention as well as responsibility were perceived to be the most important, followed by promotion of physiologic adaptation, document management and presentation, self-control, ethics, observance law, coping with emergency, humanity, and medication. 2. The relative importance of category associated with the core competencies within the hospital unit were as follows : 1) The units that rated nursing professional category as being the most significant were: internal medicine, surgical unit, mother-child unit, emergency room, intensive care unit, and operating room, in that order. 2) The units that rated the organizational culture competencies as being the most significant were: mother-child unit, internal medicine, surgical unit, emergency room, operating room, and intensive care unit, in that order. 3) The units that rated temperament-attitude category as being the most significant were: internal medicine, surgical unit, emergency room, mother-child unit, operating room, and intensive care unit, in that order.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2005

Pressure ulcers are serious complications of tissue damage that can develop in patients with diminished pain sensation and diminished mobility. Pressure ulcers can result in irreversible tissue damage caused by ischemia resulting from external loading. There are many intrinsic and extrinsic contributors to the problem, including interface tissue pressure, shear, temperature, moisture, hygiene, nutrition, tissue tolerance, sensory and motor dysfunction, disease and infection, posture, and body support systems. The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship between buttock interface pressure and seating position, wheelchair propulsion speed. Seated-interface pressure was measured using the Force Sensing Array pressure mapping system. Twenty subjects propelled wheelchair handrim on a motor-driven treadmill at different velocities (40, 60, 80 m/min) and seating position used recline ($100^{\circ}$, $110^{\circ}$, $120^{\circ}$) with a wheelchair simulator. Interface pressure consists of average (mean of the pressure sensor values) and maximum pressure (highest individual sensor value). The results of this study were as follows; No significant correlation in maximum/average pressure was found between a static position and a 40 m/min wheelchair propulsion (p>.05). However, a significant increase in maximum/average pressure were identified between conditions of a static position and 60 m/min, and 80 m/min wheelchair propulsion (p<.05). No significant correlation in maximum pressure were found between a $90^{\circ}$ recline (neutral position) and a $100^{\circ}$, $110^{\circ}$, or $120^{\circ}$ recline of the wheelchair back (p>.05). No significant difference in average pressure was found between conditions of a $90^{\circ}$ recline and both a $100^{\circ}$ and $110^{\circ}$ recline of wheelchair back. However, a significant reduction in average pressure was identified between conditions of a $90^{\circ}$ and $120^{\circ}$ recline of wheelchair back (p<.05). This study has shown some interesting results that reclining the seat by $120^{\circ}$ reduced average interface pressure, including the reduction or prevention in edema. And interface pressure was greater during dynamic wheelchair propulsion compared with static seating. Therefore, the optimal seating position and seating system ought to provide postural control and pressure relief. We need an education on optimal seating position and a suitable propulsion speeds for wheelchair users.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.299-305
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• 2012

Yam has been recognized having the beneficial effects for the prevention of various diseases, such as cancer, immunity, infection and obesity etc. There is increasing consideration to supplement the antioxidant nutrients to make up the lack of the antioxidant nutrient intakes. No study has been reported for the analysis of antioxidant mineral contents and comparison to dietary recommended intake for the sense of health promotion. In our study, we analyzed the contents of antioxidant trace elements (Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu and Se) and Cr contents in cultivated Korean yam powders for evaluation of nutrient intake aspects. We collected the commercial yam powders from six different cultivated areas in the South Korea and measured antioxidant minerals (Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu and Se) and Cr contents using trace element-free plasma spectrometer (ICP) or atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) after dry-ashing and then wet-acid digestion. The accuracy of mineral analysis method was confirmed by the mineral analysis of standard reference material. Each analyzed element contents in yam were compared to dietary reference intakes of Koreans (KDRIs). The average levels of trace elements (Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Se and Cr) in yam powders were 18.3, 11.9, 36.0, 3.7, 1.9 and 1.27 ${\mu}g/g$ yam powder, respectively. The intakes of Zn, Fe, Cu and Se of which KDRIs is determined, are accounted as being up to 23.8%, 55.6%, 32.5% and 236% recommended intake (RI) of KDRIs, if daily yam supplementation (50 g) of commercial instruction would be considered. The intake of Mn is about 25% adequate intake (AI) of KDRIs with the daily supplementation of yam powder. Most of mineral intakes from daily yam supplementation were with the range of non-detectable to <10% upper limit (UL) level, which is very much safe. The study results show that daily supplementation of Korean yam power is beneficial to provide the supplemental nutrient intake and also is safe, if the suggested dosage would be considered.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.213-219
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• 2010

Purpose: Iodine has been used for the prevention or management of wound infection as a topical agent. Although iodine was widely used mainly by Betadine$^{(R)}$ and cadexomer iodine, there was no comparative study on the efficacies of dressing methods of iodine. And also it's wound healing effect was not yet clear. The purpose of this study is to compare antibacterial effects and wound healing effects associated with various dressing methods of iodine on infected full thickness skin defect in the mouse. Methods: One full thickness skin defects in the mice (n=60) were developed on the back and left open for twenty-four hours. Sixty mice were divided into four groups : group S (dressing with Betadine$^{(R)}$ soaking, n=15), group T (dressing with Betadine$^{(R)}$ topping, n=15), group I (dressing with Iodosorb$^{(R)}$, n=15), group G (control group, dressing with dry gauze, n=15). The size of the wound defects and the grades of wound healing were evaluated in 4, 7, 10 days, and antibacterial effect was evaluated with restricted zone in Mueller Hinton agar by disk diffusion method. Results: After the wound was left open for twenty-four hours, many Staphylococcus aureus were cultured. The wound defect size was decreased in order of Betadine$^{(R)}$ soaking, Iodosorb$^{(R)}$, Betadine$^{(R)}$ topping and gauze dressing group in all days, but difference among experimental groups was not statistically significant. The grade score of wound healing was increased in order of Betadine$^{(R)}$ soaking, Iodosorb$^{(R)}$, Betadine$^{(R)}$ topping and gauze dressing group, and the difference was statistically significant. Antibacterial effect for S. aureus was increased in order of Iodosorb$^{(R)}$, Betadine$^{(R)}$ soaking, Betadine$^{(R)}$ topping and gauze dressing group, and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: Selection of the effective dressing method of iodine for infected wounds remains a controversial decision. According to this study, Iodosorb$^{(R)}$ may be most effective method for antibacterial effect and Betadine$^{(R)}$ soaking may be most effective method for infected wound healing. However, further study is necessary to evaluate the clinical efficacy of dressing methods of iodine and to search for the mechanisms that explain their effects.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.703-710
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• 2013

To increase public health awareness for prevention of opisthorchiasis caused by eating raw freshwater fish, the distribution and abundance of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae (OV MC) was investigated in freshwater fish obtained from 20 provinces in northeastern Thailand between April 2011 and February 2012. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 12,890 fish consisting of 13 species randomly caught from 26 rivers, 10 dams, and 38 ponds/lakes. Fish, were collected in each of the rainy and winter seasons from each province. Fish were identified, counted, weighed, and digested using pepsin-HCl. Samples were examined for OV MC by a sedimentation method, and metacercariae were identified under a stereomicroscope. OV MC were found in 6 species of fish; i.e., Cyclocheilichthys armatus, Puntius orphoides, Hampala dispar, Henicorhynchus siamensis, Osteochilus hasselti, and Puntioplites proctozysron from localities in 13 provinces. Among the sites where OV MC-infected fish were found, 70.0% were dams, 23.7% were ponds/lakes, and 7.7% were rivers. The mean intensity of OV MC ranged from 0.01 to 6.5 cysts per fish (or 1.3-287.5 cysts per kg of fish). A high mean intensity of OV MC per fish (>3 cysts) was found in 5 provinces: Amnat Charoen (6.5 cysts), Nakhon Phanom (4.3), Mukdahan (4.1), Khon Kaen, (3.5) and Si Sa Ket (3.4). In conclusion, OV MC are prevalent in natural cyprinid fish, with the infection rate varying according to fish species and habitats.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.808-814
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• 2011

Purpose: Despite wide clinical use of breast implants, there is continued concern about the lifespan of these devices. The causes of explantation were infection, deflation of implant and patient's want. The deflation of saline-filled breast implant was related to strength and durability of implant shell. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical durability of saline-filled breast implant through the analysis of duration until deflation occurred, causes, incidence and influencing factors. Methods: Retrospective analyses were conducted on clinical records for 19 cases of deflation of saline-filled breast implant from 201 cases of breast reconstruction with saline-filled implant between May 1995 and June 2011. The authors had been analyzed the causes of deflation, survival duration, symptom, sign, nipple excision, volume of implant, saline filling, method of reoperation, breast cancer stage and combined capsular contracture. Results: The causes of deflation were attributed to the cases that cannot be evaluated the causes in 15 cases, fall down in 1 case, mammography in 2 cases, accidental needle injury in 1 case. Mean survival duration was 4 years and 5 months. The duration of survival was less than 1 year for 5 cases, 1 year to 10 years for 10 cases, more than 10 years for 4 cases. The volume between 201 and 250 cc of deflated breast implant was rated as high by 14.0 percent. The deflation rate of underfilled implants was 11.4 percent, adequate filled implants was 9.3 percent. None of overfilled implant was deflated. The deflation of smooth surface implant was 5 of 152 cases. Textured implant was 14 of 49 cases. The capsular contracture of non-deflated breast implant was 28 of 182 cases and that of deflated breast implant was 6 of 19 cases. Conclusion: The patients who underwent saline-filled breast implant implantation should be informed that their implant could deflate. The analysis of clinical durability and causes of deflation in breast implant was important for the prediction and prevention of reopeation. The authors could suppose the causes of deflation of saline-filled breast implant through history, duration of survival, inspection of the shell of implant.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2014

Although congenital syphilis can be prevented with prenatal screening, the disease remains problematic. Currently, there are no cases that describe hematuria and pneumonia related to congenital syphilis. We report a case of congenital syphilis that involved nephrotic syndrome and pneumonia alba in a 22-day-old male infant whose mother did not receive adequate prenatal care. The congenital syphilis diagnosis was confirmed with a serologic test and the patient recovered with penicillin treatment. Clinical findings may be subtle in neonates and delayed recognition occurs frequently, thus complete prenatal screening is critical for congenital syphilis prevention. Immediate serologic testing should be performed to obtain a differential diagnosis if an infant is delivered by a mother that has not received appropriate prenatal examinations.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.70-79
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• 2005

Background: Abdominal compartment syndrome has multiple etiologies that are not only related to trauma but also any problem condition in the absence of abdominal injury. To determine whether prevention of the abdominal compartment syndrome after celiotomy for trauma victims justifies the use of temporary abdominal coverage with monofilament knitted polypropylene mesh (Malex mesh) in severely injured patients. Method: Medical records at the Ajou University Medical Center were reviewed for a 32-month period from May 1st, 2002 to December 31st, 2004. Twenty-nine consecutive patients requiring celiotomy who were survived until at the end of celiotomy received temporary abdominal coverage and staged abdominal repairs with Malex mesh. One of them was dissecting aortic aneurysm patient and the others were all trauma victims. Malex mesh prosthesis coverage was used in cases of abdominal compartment syndrome due to excessive fascial tension, severe bowel edema and retroperitoneal hemorrhage or edema followed by staged abdominal repairs. Result: Eighteen of twenty-nine patients were survived. Demographic characteristics, injury severity number of abdominal-pelvic bone injuries, mortality rate, complications, number of operations for permanent closure, required time for permanent closure showed no difference between man and women or child and adult. Except one dissecting aortic aneurysm patient, trauma cases showed $3.24{\pm}0.98$ injury sites. All cases that received temporary abdominal coverage and staged abdominal repairs did not show abdominal compartment syndrome. $10.08{\pm}5.85$ days and $2.27{\pm}0.82$ times of operation required making permanent abdominal closure after temporary abdominal coverage followed by staged abdominal repairs. Most of surviving patients have shown antibiotic-resistant organism and fungus infection. Patients who received permanent closure recovered from infectious problem completely. Conclusion: The use of Malex mesh for temporary abdominal coverage in severely injured patients undergoing celiotomy was effective treatment method.