• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.143-161
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• 2015

This study aims to examine the relationship between mothers' attachment levels, types of verbal control, and infants' language development. The selected participants comprised 224 infants, aged 24-35 months and their mothers (224) at 25 long day care centers located Goyang-si, Gimpo-si in Gyeonggi-do, Incheon and Seoul. The major findings of this study were as follows. First, there were significant differences in mothers' attachment levels, types of verbal control, and infants' language development depending on the mothers' employment status. Secondly, to assess the relative influences of two variables which were significantly associated with infants' language development, the sociodemographic variables of mothers and infants, including infants' age and mothers' employment status, were controlled in order to conduct hierarchical regression analysis. The results revealed that imperative-oriented verbal controls, person-oriented verbal controls, and contact seeking all influenced infants' overall language development.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.11
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• pp.414-419
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• 2012

Purpose: This study aimed to assess early development in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with mild intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) or those without IVH and to identify the perinatal morbidities affecting early neurodevelopmental outcome. Methods: Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II was used for assessing neurological development in 49 infants with a birth weight <1,500 g and with low grade IVH (${\leq}$grade II) or those without IVH at a corrected age of 12 months. Results: Among the 49 infants, 19 infants (38.8%) showed normal development and 14 (28.6%) showed abnormal mental and psychomotor development. Infants with abnormal mental development (n=14) were mostly male and had a longer hospitalization, a higher prevalence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and were under more frequent postnatal systemic steroid treatment compared with infants with normal mental development (n=35, P<0.05). Infants with abnormal psychomotor development (n=29) had a longer hospitalization and more associated PDA compared to infants with normal psychomotor development (n=20, P<0.05). Infants with abnormal mental and psychomotor development were mostly male and had a longer hospitalization and a higher prevalence of PDA and BPD compared to infants with normal mental and psychomotor development (n=19, P<0.05). Using multiple logistic regression analysis, a longer duration of hospitalization and male gender were found to be significant risk factors. Conclusion: Approximately 62% of VLBW infants with low grade IVH or those without IVH had impaired early development.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.613-622
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate infants' development, parenting characteristics, and the infants' daily routines by monthly family income, and examine variables related to infants' development. The 2010 data of the panel study on Koreans were used. The sample for this analysis was 1,802 children aged 21-23 months and their parents. The data were analyzed with ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis with SPSS version 18.0. The results were as follows: First, the development of infants differed by the family income. Infants' communication and problem solving skills in families with an income at the 25th percentile or below was lower than those above the 25th percentile. Second, parenting characteristics differed by family income. In the lower income group, the mother's parenting stress was highest, but the father's parenting time on weekends was lowest. Third, the most frequent activity of infants differed by family income. Playing with friends or caregivers was lowest, but watching TV and videos was highest in the lower income family group. Fourth, there was a relation among infants' development (communication and fine motor skills) and parenting characteristics (mother's parenting style, stress, and father's parenting time on weekends), and the infants' daily routines (playing with friends or caregivers). Fine motor development was affected by playing with a caregiver.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.455-469
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to find out how follow-up activities of reading picture books influenced infants' language and socio-emotional development. Subjects of this study were 27 2-year-old infants at public day care centers in Busan. After implementing follow-up activities of reading picture books for 8 weeks, this study tried to investigate changes in infants' language and socio-emotional development. Results of this study are as follows. First, follow-up activities of reading pictures have brought positive impacts on infants' language ability. Results indicate a positive influence on infants' expressive and acceptive language ability. Second, follow up activities have also enhanced infants' socio-emotional development. Sepcifically, they have been effective in improving infants' low-level socio-emotional development such as 'internal control', 'peer interaction', and 'achievement motivation'. It is expected that the follow-up activities developed by this research would help to enhance infants' language development and socio-emotional development.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.27-36
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate the features of Korean infants' vocalizations according to the stages models. A total 88 infants, whose ages range from 1 to 18 months, participated in this study. This age is a critical period for vocal development. However, the study of infants' vocalizations has typically focused on children over the age of two. Because of restrictions related to the study of younger infants, from birth to the age of two, it is usually difficult to investigate what are the major features of their vocal development. Therefore, this study provides documentation and analysis of the features of infant vocalization and their vocal development stages. The results shows that the stages model of Oller & Lynch (1992) might be adapted for Korean infants' vocal development. Furthermore, the features of the infants' vocalization are not linearly appeared one stage to the next stage, but are overlapped (Koopmans-van Beinum & van der Stelt, 1986; Nathani et al., 2006; Oller, 1980; Stark, 1980; Vihman, 1996).

• Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.121-131
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• 2002

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the characteristics of receptive and expressive language development of cleft palate infants aged under 3. Twenty-six cleft palate infants and 52 normal infants were grouped into 3 chronological age groups with 1 year intervals: less than 1, 1, and 2 years old. The cleft palate infants were divided into 2 groups: cleft palate only, and cleft lip & palate. Each mother of the infants was asked to complete the questionnaire, Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI). Receptive and Expressive language scores of SELSI were computed. The scores of receptive and expressive language were respectively analyzed into 4 categories of language: phonology/prosody, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics. The results, concerning the differences of language development between the cleft palate and the normal infants, were as follows: (1) expressive language scores were significantly different at age 2 between the cleft palate and the normal infants; (2) cleft plate groups aged less than 1 and 1 showed lower scores of phonology/prosody of expressive language than the normal groups; (3) cleft palate group aged 2 showed lower scores than the normal group in semantics, syntax, and pragmatics. The results, concerning the characteristics of language development between the cleft palate only and the cleft lip & palate infants, were as follows: (1) the scores of expressive and receptive language were not statistically different between the 2 groups; (2) both groups did not show any difference in .the scores of phonology/ prosody, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics of receptive and expressive language.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compared the growth and development of premature and full-term infants during the 2 years after birth. Method: The participants were 102 infants, 51 each for premature infants, and for healthy full-term infants. Participants in the premature group accounted for 17.5% of all premature infants who were registered at the public health center in G city. Developmental status was evaluated using the Korean Denver II. Results: The catch-up growth of the premature was 100% in weight and in height. Suspicious developmental delay according to the Korean Denver II was 3.9% in normal infants and 31.2% in premature infants. Factors related to the suspicious developmental delay in premature infants were their age and health state at birth. The rate of suspicious developmental delay was higher in infants over 6 months and infants unhealthy at birth. Conclusion: A premature follow-up program, which includes nutrition education to achieve catch-up growth and to prevention obesity, along with continuous developmental screening test for infants and children born prematurely is recommended. Provision for home visits and telephone counseling for premature infants and their families who do not to use the public health center should also be included.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.35-50
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• 2010

Joint attention, language development, and the relationship between these two variables were compared in infants from multi-cultural and Korean families. Joint attention was observed in both the Early Social Communication Scale (ESCS) and in infant-mother free play. Language development was evaluated by means of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory-Korean. There were no group differences in initiating and responding to joint attention in ESCS. However, in infant-mother free play, joint attention episodes were less and shorter in duration with infants from multi-cultural families than in Korean infants. The size of both the expressive and receptive vocabulary was also smaller in infants from multi-cultural families than in Korean infants. In terms of Korean infants, mean duration of joint attention episodes in free play showed a significant positive correlation with the size of the expressive vocabulary and initiating joint attention in ESCS also showed a significant positive correlation with the size of receptive vocabulary. However, none of the measures of joint attention indicated a significant relationship with the size of either expressive or receptive vocabulary in infants from multi-cultural families.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.398-404
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• 2006

Purpose: To investigate the rate of questionable development in infants born prematurely and explore factors affecting developmental delays. Method: The participants were 46 infants born prematurely being seen in one of two urban health centers. A questionnaire and the HOME checklist were used to collect data, and the Korean Denver II developmental screening test was administered. Results: Of the participants 21.7% were classified as having questionable development. The only variable with a significant difference between the two groups was acceptance　in the HOME checklist. Psychosocial factors such as mothers' burden, depression, family functioning, and social support were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: An early developmental screening test for prematurely born infants is needed. Also, the childrearing environment was identified as a significant factor in infants' development. These findings suggest that HOME score might be useful for identifying infants at risk for developmental delays and interventions for these infants will probably be more effective if their mothers can provide a more appropriate social environment. Further studies are suggested with larger samples.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2019

Purpose: Malnutrition may influence neurocognitive development in children by directly affecting the brain structural development, or indirectly by affecting the children's cognition experience. Malnutrition alters the cell numbers, cell migration, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmission due to inadequate availability of necessary micronutrients to support cell growth. We aimed to analyze neurocognitive development in infants with malnutrition and its association with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), micronutrients levels and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) findings. Methods: The study included two groups; group 1, infants with malnutrition (n=24), group 2; healthy infants (n=21). Peripheral blood was obtained from the participants for studying micronutrients and LC-PUFA levels. The neurocognitive development was analyzed by the use of an Ankara Developmental Screening Inventory test. MRS were performed on all infants. Results: All parameters of neurocognitive development and serum calcium ($9.6{\pm}0.9mg/dL$ vs. $10.4{\pm}0.3mg/dL$, p<0.05) and magnesium ($2.02{\pm}0.27mg/dL$ vs. $2.2{\pm}0.14mg/dL$, p<0.05) levels were noted as being low in infants with marked malnutrition. No difference was found in LC-PUFA levels between healthy and malnourished infants. Thalamic choline/creatine levels were significantly high in infants with malnutrition ($1.33{\pm}0.22$ vs. $1.18{\pm}0.22$, p<0.05). Total neurocognitive development in infants was positively correlated with serum calcium levels (p<0.05, r=0.381). Conclusion: Calcium supplementation may improve neurocognitive development in malnourished infants.