• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.163-171
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• 2019

Recently, rural housing in urban areas has been increasing due to the improvement of income level. With the increase of the construction of the power house, the installation of the heating system using the harmonious fuel for the purpose of heating and the beauty of the room is increasing rapidly. In addition to the increasing use of firewood heating equipment, the incidence of fire is also increasing. Analysis of the National Fire Data System of the Fire Department The result of the analysis of the National Fire Data System Many parts of the fire are incinerated by the accumulation of tar due to the incompleteness of periodic cleaning inside the cylinder. The distance between the fire extinguisher and the combustible materials such as ceiling, Resulting in fire. In addition, it was found that much of the fire of the firewood heating system in the time zone occurs during the sleeping and resting time and there is not enough time for the residents to cope. This, in turn, causes serious harm to the lives and property of the users of the pyrotechnic heating system. Therefore, in this study, domestic and foreign standards and laws related to fuel oil heating facilities were analyzed and 12 cases of fire accidents were analyzed. Through the revision of the fire prevention and firefighting facilities installation and maintenance law, the installation standards of the alarm and fire extinguishing facilities were presented.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.20-31
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• 2021

The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for patients with rotator cuff diseases. There were 12 electronic databases and 3 trial registries searched up to November 30th, 2019. All randomized trials were eligible, regardless of language, date of publication, or settings. The primary outcomes were pain, shoulder function, and proportion of improved participants assessed within 12 weeks of randomization of the trial. The Cochrane risk of bias for the studies was assessed. Effects sizes were presented as a risk ratio, mean difference, or standardized mean difference with a 95% confidence intervals. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was adopted to rate certainty of evidence. Of the 3,686 records screened, 28 randomized trials (2,216 participants) were included in this review. The types of acupuncture included manual acupuncture, dry needling, electroacupuncture, acupotomy, warm needle acupuncture, and fire needle acupuncture. All of the studies had an unclear or high risk of bias related to more than 1 domain. Significant benefits of acupuncture in terms of pain and shoulder function were observed in all comparisons, however, the proportion of improved participants was not described in 2 comparisons. There was substantial heterogeneity among meta-analyzed trials. No serious harm was observed. For primary outcomes, the overall certainty of evidence was very low. There was very low certainty of evidence for the benefits of acupuncture for patients with rotator cuff diseases. The safety of acupuncture remains unclear due to the incompleteness of reporting. Future well-designed randomized trials with transparent reporting are required.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.118-128
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper examines the international R&D contest in which the extent of intellectual property right (IPR) affects both the size of prize for the winning firm and the extent of positive spillover through cost of firms. Recognizing the possibility of incomplete protection of IPR, the present paper analyzes the effect of changes in the extent of IPR on payoffs to firms and social welfare. Design/methodology - This paper examines coordination of IPRs by countries in economic integration. The paper then develops a general model of international R&D contest with incomplete protection of IPR. An increase in the extent of IPR augments the share of the prize the winning firm can appropriate, while decreasing the positive cost externality. To derive sharper results, the paper considers the cases of linear and fixed spillovers. Findings - Under plausible assumptions, an increase in the IPR augments the payoff to each firm and the aggregate payoffs as well. The paper also shows that the number of firms participating in the R&D contest can be endogenously determined in the two-stage R&D contest. The higher the extent of cost spillover, and the larger the effective prize, the more firms participate in the international R&D contest. Originality/value - Existing studies assume that firms winning the R&D contest enjoy perfect IPR to the output of their R&D activities. This is a very restrictive assumption in that other firms can copy the new products or processes. By allowing for the incompleteness of the IPR, the present paper develops a more realistic model of R&D contest. The novelty of the present paper is to allow for the possibility that the higher extent of IPR increases the prize and decreases positive cost externality at the same time. The findings of the present paper can serve as a basis for government policy toward R&D activities of firms and protection of IPRs.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.88-100
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• 2023

This study analyzed the compositional characteristics of fashion videos and the characteristics of fashion design spreading as trends through Subversive Basics. Literature research and case studies were conducted concurrently. Based on the literature review, an analysis method was designed, focusing on the concept of online video content, Subversive Basics, and the video content type. For the case analysis, videos were collected and classified using Subversive Basics as the keyword. The content was observed, and design features were analyzed. Based on the results, the collected videos were classified into tutorial, curation, and creative content types according to their compositional characteristics. Tutorial content emphasizes practical actions that demonstrate how to make or modify clothing, thereby promoting user-generated content for dissemination. Curation contents provide users with style ideas and information about clothing and purchases to encourage clothing purchases and influence purchase decisions that lead to dissemination through clothing consumption and wear. Creative content showcases the process of modifying and creating clothes to enhance understanding and value of creative design. The characteristics of fashion design utilized in these contents include bold designs with high visual effects as the first category, designs that can be easily and quickly modified due to intentional incompleteness as the second category, and prominently featured body-positive, individualistic designs as the third category. The results of this study can be associated with balanced development between basic design elements and personalized unique designs, catering to consumer needs.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.787-812
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• 2011

This essay aims to explore Herman Melville's recognition and resolution of the vicious link between law and violence in his posthumous Billy Budd, Sailor (1924). In order to investigate the issues, this essay refers to Freud, Benjamin, Derrida, Lacan, and Žižek, all perceptive to the uncanny affinity of law and violence. Especially, Žižek's arguments of "superego" as an embodiment of cruel and destructive violence supplementing the official law and of "love" as an ethical possibility beyond the limit of the problematic law are introduced in this study to make Melville's reflection of the inseparableness between law and violence much clearer. John Claggart and Captain Vere embody the legal (superegoic) violence. Claggart even procurs secret enjoyment, in the name of maintaining positive law. Billy Budd discloses another violence defending his justness according to natural law. However, Melville suggests the possibility of suspending the problematic tie of law/violence through "love," as portrayed at the last part of the story. The two final words from Billy and Vere, as a sort of delayed dialogue between them after the event of their secret interview before Billy's hanging, suggest that they finally distance from the obscene nightly law of superego-respectively from outward punitiveness toward Vere and from inward punishment for Vere's excessive enforcement of Billy's hanging-and identify each other's lack as their own. Their love implicated in the last words is for the real other-in Lacan's sense-who discloses the constitutive lack or incompleteness of beings and aporia of the law. This essay's examination of Melville's representations about the superegoic violence as the (im-)possible condition of law and the possibility of withdrawing from it would help us recognize Billy Budd, Sailor as the author's own last word for the possible vision of love cutting the vicious knot of law/violence.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2023

The apprenticeship-based training method (ABTM) is highly effective for gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic training. However, the conventional ABTM has significant issues. Although many supplementary training methods (TMs) have been developed and utilized, they cannot entirely replace the ABTM, which remains the major TM strategy. Currently, new TM construction is crucial and necessary due to financial constraints, difficulty of obtaining sufficient training time due to patient safety-related regulations, and catastrophic damage caused by disasters such as the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The simulator-based TM (SBTM) is widely accepted as an alternative to the ABTM, owing to the SBTM's advantages. Since the 1960s, many GI endoscopy training simulators have been developed and numerous studies have been published on their effectiveness. While previous studies have focused on the simulator's validity, this review focused on the accessibility of simulators that were introduced by the end of 2021. Although the current SBTM is effective in GI endoscopic education, extensive improvements are needed to replace the ABTM. Incorporating simulator-incorporated TMs into an improved ABTM is an attempt to overcome the incompleteness of the current SBTM. Until a new simulator is developed to replace the ABTM, it is desirable to operate a simulator-integrated and well-coordinated TM that is suitable for each country and institution.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.215-226
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• 2008

As sensor networks are used in various and dynamic applications, the function of sink-to-sensors reliable multicasting such as for task reprogramming is newly required. NAK-based error recovery schemes have been proposed for energy efficient reliable multicasting. However, these schemes have incompleteness problems such as the last packet loss. This paper introduces an ACK-based error recovery scheme, RM2I(Reliable Multicast with Implicit ACK and Indirect Recovery). It utilizes wireless multicast advantage in which a packet may be delivered to all of its omni-directional neighbor nodes. When a sender overhears a packet which its receiver forwards to the next nodes, it may interpret it as an ACK from the receiver. We call it an Implicit ACK. In Indirect Recovery, when a node receives a packet from neighbor nodes which are not its direct upstream node, it saves and utilizes it for error recovery. Using NS-2 simulator, we have analyzed their effects. We have also compared RM2I with the NAK-based error recovery scheme. In results, RM2I shows comparable performances to the ideal NAK-based scheme, except where Implicit ACK and Indirect Recovery do not occur at the edges of the networks.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2010

As a modem urban train is getting complex in terms of high-technology in its systems and components, the failure management should be performed with scientific and systematic technique. FMEA is a technique to analyze the failure trends of component parts and influences to the higher level system in order to discover the design incompleteness and potential defects, which is for improving reliability. Especially, FMECA (Failure Mode Effects, and Criticality Analysis) is used in case that the criticality that has an immense influence to the system is important. In case of urban train, in its design and manufacturing steps, FMEA is frequently used as an analysis technique to meet the safety objectives and eliminate potential hazards/failures since the concepts of reliability of train is introduced these days. Though, FMEA technique in the maintenances steps lacks in its investigation and applications yet. FMEA is also not applied to the trains operated by Seoul metro in the design and manufacture steps excepts the newest trains. In this paper, through analyzing the failures/maintenance data of the belt-type door systems used in trains operated in Seoul metro Line 1, which is accumulated in RIMS (Rolling-stock Information Maintenance System), FMEA procedures to the belt-type door engines are proposed. Especially, an effort is made, to approach the detailed FMECA procedures to the door magnet valve and switch and door engine devices which vastly influences the customer safety and satisfaction.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.335-353
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• 2010

Following the emergence of a knowledge-based economy, the triple helix model has been recognized as a new - regional and national - innovation model. This model seeks to understand the innovation process that is centered upon the university-industry-government interactions. The governance of the triple helix innovation system can be divided into three models according to the structure and depth of university-industry-government interactions. In the context of evolution, the triple helix can be established through the following three processes of development; i) internal transformation of each helix, ii) impacts of one helix on another helix, and iii) horizontal interactions among three helices. In theory, the triple helix model can be covered as part of the innovation system perspective. Compared to the innovation system perspective, the triple helix model tends to pay, however, more attention to the incompleteness of innovation system and the role of university in the process of knowledge creation. In view of regional innovation, the triple helix can be sustained when the triple helix spaces, including knowledge space, consensus space and innovation space, are created and the three triple helix spaces interact with one another. The existing literature on the triple helix model tends to make selectively use of only a single method between the qualitative method and the quantitative method, although both have shortcomings to reveal the dynamic characteristics of university-industry-government relations. Therefore, research on the triple helix is required to reconcile with two research methods, which are distinct but complementary in nature.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.41-66
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• 2007

The e-marketplace is a virtual marketplace where buyers and sellers meet in order to conduct transactions through the intermediation of market-makers. For the success of an e-marketplace, it is crucial for the market-maker to induce both buyers and sellers to make active transactions in it. However, their participation is frequently deterred by potential risk factors caused mainly by the inherent, structural complexity of the e-marketplace. Therefore, it is a critical challenge for the market-maker to identify and manage the transactional risk perceived by both the buyers and sellers. In this paper, we investigate the sources of buyers' and sellers' perceived risks and their mitigating factors in the e-marketplace. Specifically, we derive an analysis framework based on the economic theory of agency relationship. The framework includes four sources of the risks(perceived information asymmetry, fears of seller opportunism, fears of buyer opportunism, and concerns about market-maker's role incompleteness) and five mitigators of the risks(website informativeness, trust in market-maker, trust in seller, product diagnosticity, and social presence). Then, we empirically verify the framework through a case study on four successful e-marketplaces, and provide implications and strategies for the market-maker to effectively manage the transactional risks.