• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.214-219
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• 2012

This research was designed to determine what components of Gardenia jasminoides play a major role in inhibiting the enzymes related antidepressant activity of this plant. In our previous research, the ethyl acetate fraction of G. jasminosides fruits inhibited the activities of both monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), and oral administration of the ethanolic extract slightly increased serotonin concentrations in the brain tissues of rats and decreased MAO-B activity. In addition, we found through in vitro screening test that the ethyl acetate fraction showed modest inhibitory activity on dopamine-${\beta}$ hydroxylase (DBH). The bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of five bio-active compounds, protocatechuic acid (1), geniposide (2), 6'-O-trans-p-coumaroylgeniposide (3), 3,5-dihydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) heptanes (4), and ursolic acid (5), from the ethyl acetate fraction of G. jasminoides fruits. The isolated compounds showed different inhibitory potentials against MAO-A, -B, and DBH. Protocatechuic acid showed potent inhibition against MAO-B ($IC_{50}$ $300{\mu}mol/L$) and DBH ($334{\mu}mol/L$), exhibiting weak MAO-A inhibition (2.41 mmol/L). Two iridoid glycosides, geniposide ($223{\mu}mol/L$) and 6'-O-trans-p-coumaroylgeniposide ($127{\mu}mol/L$), were selective MAO-B inhibitor. Especially, 6'-O-trans-p-coumaroylgeniposide exhibited more selective MAO-B inhibition than deprenyl, well-known MAO-B inhibitor for the treatment of early-stage Parkinson's disease. The inhibitory activity of 3,5-dihydroxy-1,7-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) heptane was strong for MAO-B ($196{\mu}mol/L$), modest for MAO-A ($400{\mu}mol/L$), and weak for DBH ($941{\mu}mol/L$). Ursolic acid exhibited significant inhibition of DBH ($214{\mu}mol/L$), weak inhibition of MAO-B ($780{\mu}mol/L$), and no inhibition against MAO-A. Consequently, G. jasminoides fruits are considerable for development of biofunctional food materials for the combination treatment of depression and neurodegenerative disorders.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.357-369
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• 1992

Actions for 48-hour homolgous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (48-hr PCA) and chemical mediators were investigated in mice and rats. The hyaluronidase activity, which was used in the in vitro screening test of the antiallergic action, was significantly inhibited by Magnoiliae Flos, Achyranthis Radix, Forsythiae Fructus, Alpiniae Fructus, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Ponciri Fructus among twelve medicinal plants and tranilast as a comparative drug of the antiallergic action. In the mouse ear, 48-hr PCA was significantly inhibited by intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment with Magnoliae Flos, Achyranthis Radix, Alpiniae Fructus, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, Ponciri Fructus, Ledebouriellae Radix and tranilast. And also, the increment of vascular permeability induced by histamine or serotoin was inhibited significantly by i.p. pretreatment with Magnoliae Flos, Achyranthis Radix, Alpiniae Fructus, Anemarrheuae rhizoma, Zizyphi Fructus and tranilast. In the rat dorsal skin, the increment of vascular permeability induced by histamine or serotonin was significantly inhibited by i.p. pretreatment with Magnoliae Flos, Acyranthis Radix, Alpiniae Fructus, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and tranilast. And also, the increment of vascular permeability induced by compound 48/80 or calcium ionophore A 23187 was significantly inhibited by i.p. pretreatment with Magnoliae Flos, Achyranthis Radix, Alpiniae Fructus, Amemarrhenae Rhizoma, Zizyphi Fructus, Ledebouriellae Radix, Lithospermi Radix and tranilast. These results suggest that each water extracts of Magnoliae Flos, Achyranthis Radix, Alpiniae Fructus and Anemarrhenae Rhizoma have especially antiallergic activities.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2010

The objective of the present investigation is to evaluate the antimicrobial potency of the terpenoid fractions isolated from Luffa cylindrica seeds against various pathogenic microbes. The seeds were powdered and extracted with methanol in soxhlet appratus based on phytochemical screening. Three terpenoid components were isolated by column chromatography and identified by thin layer chromatography and chemical analysis which were designated as ${LCSF_4}^*$, ${LCSF_6}^*$ & ${LCSF_8}^*$ respectively. Disc diffusion method was employed to determine the antimicrobial effectiveness of test compounds I, II and III $({LCSF_4}^*,\;{LCSF_6}^*\;&\;{LCSF_8}^*)$ against 6 microbial species viz., Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, Bacillus (B.) subtilis, Escherichia (E.) coli, Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa, Candida (C.) albicans and Aspergillus niger. The disc was saturated with $100{\mu}l$ of each compound, allowed to dry and introduced on the upper layer of seeded agar plate. The plates were incubated overnight at $37^{\circ}C$. Microbial growth was determined by measuring the zonal inhibition diameters. Compound I showed maximum potency against gram positive S. aureus (21 mm) in comparison with standard ciprofloxacin (38 mm), whereas the same compound was completely devoid of activity against both the fungi tested. Compound II was found to be highly sensitive against both the gram negative E. coli (20 mm) and P. aeruginosa (22 mm). Compound II was found to exhibit maximum potency against the fungi C. albicans (15 mm) and A. niger (20 mm). Compound III was found to be very effective against both the gram positive S. aureus (20 mm) and B. subtilis (15 mm) respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 2007

In vitro toxicity tests such as cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity assay are useful for evaluating the relative toxicity of smoke or smoke condensates obtained from different cigarette configurations. A major disadvantage of these tests is relatively time-consuming, complicated and expensive. Recently, a cell-free glutathione consumption assay (GCA) as a rapid and simple screening method for the toxicity assessment of smoke has been reported by Cahours et al. (CORESTA, 2006). This study was carried out to assess the GCA application capable of predicting the toxicity of gas/vapor phase (GVP) of cigarette smoke and to identify individual compounds responsible for the glutathione (GSH) consumption in smoke. Each GVPs from 2R4F, standard cigarette, carbon filter cigarette (ExC) and new carbon filter cigarette (ExN), test cigarettes were collected by automatic smoking machine and evaluated the relative toxicity by GCA and neutral red uptake (NRU) assay. Toxic compounds existed in smoke were also chosen, relative toxicities of these compounds were screened by using two methods and compared individually. The overall order of toxicity by GCA was 2R4F > ExC > ExN, which was consistent with the result of Neutral Red Uptake assay. The levels of carbonyl compounds of ExN were lower than those of 2R4F and ExC, indicating that GSH consumption was associated with carbonyl compound yields. A major toxicant under current study is acrolein, which contributed to more than half of the GSH consumption. Collectively, the toxicity of GVP determined by GCA method may be mainly attributed to acrolein.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2017

Background and purpose: This study was carried out to learn more about the potential prophylactic or antibacterial activity of the plant Acalypha indica against selective pathogenic bacteria. Experimental: The test organisms were Sarcina lutea IFO 3232, Bacillus subtilis IFO 3026, Pseudomonas denitrificans, Escherichia coli IFO 3007, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATTC 10031, Xanthomonas campestris IAM 1671, and Proteus vulgaris. Leaf, stem, and bud powder of Acalypha indica were dissolved in various solvents, and the extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity through the disc diffusion method. GC-MS profiling was performed to characterize active chemical compounds in the essential oil of Acalypha indica. Results: The ethanol extract showed the highest activity against all bacteria, while the petroleum ether extract yielded the highest zone of inhibition against Proteus vulgaris ($11.83{\pm}1.75mm$). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethyl acetate extract against Bacillus subtilis was 16 µg/mL. Phytochemical screening by GC-MS revealed a total of 12 bioactive compounds. Conclusion: Extracts of Acalypha indica may be useful in formulating and synthesizing new antibacterial drugs.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.342-350
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• 2000

This study was carried out to screen antioxidative by in vitro bioassay method from 89 Korean natural sources extracted by 100% MeOH. Antioxidant activity test was used the DPPH method. MeOH extracts from Castanea crenata and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica showed high antioxidant activity by $5.8{\mu}g\;(RC_{50})$ and $12.2{\mu}g\;(RC_{50})$, respectively, among 13 plants exhibiting the activity. The extracts from Platycarya strobilacea, Lindera erythrocarpa, Chrysanthemum boreale, Rumex crispus and Viburnum awabuki also showed over 90% antimicrobial activity, according to in vivo bioassay method.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.561-574
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate the control efficacy of the organic farming materials (OFMs) on tuber rot of Gastrodia elata caused by Fusarium spp. The antifungal activities in vitro as well as the suppressive effect of 15 OFMs on the spore germination and germ tube growth by inoculating spore suspension on immature tubers in vivo were investigated. 7 OFMs inhibited the mycelial growth of Fusarium spp. and 7 of them were microbial agents. In the screening using immature tubers, 3 OFMs were very effective with control efficacy value of 70%. Among them, sulfur provided suppressive effect on both mycelial growth and spore germination against tuber rot of G. elata. Finally, 3 OFMs were selected to test the protective and curative effects, and all chosen OFMs significantly suppressed disease incidence when applied in the preventive action, in comparison with the curative action. Especially, sulfur and Bacillus subtilis gave excellent protective control efficacy with control values of 93.2% and 86.9%, respectively, whereas its curative control effect was relatively low (73.3%, 60.2%). On the other hand, the preventive and curative effects of citronella + paraffin oil + ethyl alcohol were 73.3% and 67.0%, respectively. This study suggests that tuber rot of G. elata can be controlled by some OFMs in the rain shelter greenhouse under continuous cultivation condition and protective treatment is more important and efficient.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.188-195
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• 2013

This study was carried out for the downy mildew resistant test between 2010 and 2012. A set of 22 accessions belonging to 2 wild species and 20 varieties of the genus Cucumis, originating mainly from the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) Gene Centre, was evaluated for resistance to Pseudoperonospora cubensis, causal agent of cucumber downy mildew. The youngest fully expanded true leaves were found suitable for in vitro screening. Both leaf discs and full leaves could be kept fresh longer when applying 0.2 ${\mu}g/ml$ of gibberellin acid (GA). The incubation temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ was found to be the most suitable temperature for symptom development comparing with 15 and $25^{\circ}C$. Symptom development was faster when contact diseased leaf discs (2 weeks after inoculation) on to fresh leaf samples comparing with using conidia suspension ($10^5$ spores/ml). The numbers of spots in 'C-19' were lower than other varieties. 'C-19' variety was also showed the highest level of downy mildew resistant at $20^{\circ}C$ chamber in 6 days after inoculating with pathogen and displayed 0.90 (under 10%) of the infected rate. However, other varieties displayed susceptible in the pathogen sprayed plots. 'C-19' was the most resistant variety and no lesion was observed. Based on all data, 'C-19' can be a useful variety for the prevention of downy mildew.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 1996

Primary culture of cerebellar neuronal cells derived from 8-day old Long-Evans rats was used. Pure granule cells, astrocytes or mixed cells culture systems were prepared. These cells were differentiated and developed synaptic connections. And the astrocytes were identified by immunostaining with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Methamphetamine (MAP), which acts on dopaminergic system and cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal, were applied and biochemical assays and electrophysiological studies were performed. $LC_50$ values estimated by MTT assay of MAP and Cd were 3 mM and 2$\mu M$ respectively. Cells were treated with 1 mM or 2 mM MAP and 1$\mu M$ $CdCl_2$ for 48 hour, and the incubation media were analyzed for the content of released LDH. MAP (2 mM) and Cd significantly increased the LDH release. Cell viability was decreased in both groups and some cytopathological changes like cell swelling or vacuolization were seen. The cerebellar granule cells were used for measuring membrane currents using whole-cell clamp technique. Sodium and potassium currents were not affected by MAP neither Cd, but calcium current was significantly reduced by Cd but not affected by MAP. Therefore, in vitro neurotoxicity test system using neuronaI cells and astrocytes cultures were established and can be used in screening of potential neurotoxic chemicals.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to compare the antihyperlipidemic effects of different Dendropanax morbifera leaf extracts in vitro. The extracts differed in terms of specimen age, harvesting season, and extraction method. RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with these extracts and stimulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Ethanol was used to induce toxicity in HepG2 cells. Cellular lipid accumulation was quantified using oil red O staining in both these cells. The extracts were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. RAW 264.7 cells treated with the 60% ethanol extract of an 8-year-old specimen harvested in November exhibited the lowest lipid accumulation. The 30% ethanol extract of a 5-year-old specimen harvested in May exhibited the greatest protection from ethanol-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. The hot water extract of an 8-year-old specimen harvested in May showed the greatest inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. These results showed that D. morbifera extracts prepared from leaves that are harvested in May possess the highest antihyperlipidemic effects.