• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2021

This study considered Forest Specialists, who are nurtured by the legal system through the analysis of laws and regulations under the jurisdiction of the Korea Forest Service. In particular, the transition process of forest-related laws and laws to train forest specialists were identified. In addition, changes and characteristics regarding the cultivation of professional forestry talents according to forestry policy were investigated. As a result, it was found that Forest Specialist on policy dealt with forestry success for forestry promotion, and forestry engineers dealt with technical skills for forestry industry development. In addition, according to the revision of the laws for the sustainable use of timber, wood-structural engineers, timber grade evaluators, and timber education specialists are trained separately. Forest Specialists concerned with forest welfare policies were found to train forest experts and complete specialized training courses to provide various services for forest cultural and recreation facilities, healing forests, and forest leisure sports facilities. There is an instructor for forest leisure sports. Forest welfare experts are divided into forest education experts and forest healing instructors; forest education specialists are further divided into forest interpreters, forest guides for children, and forest trekking guides. Forest Specialists on forest protection policy were found to train arboretum and garden experts for the efficient management and exhibition of arboretums. Gardens and tree doctors and tree treatment technicians for arboretums wer also trained. A tree doctor and a tree treatment technician were found to have the necessary qualifications to run a tree hospital business, diagnosing and treating tree damage. Therefore, it is thought that the Korea Forest Service is nurturing Forest Specialists with technical capabilities for forestry promotion, forest industry development, and tree treatment; and the Forest Specialists can provide education and welfare services at culture, recreation, treatment, and conservation sites in forests.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
• /
• no.22
• /
• pp.371-411
• /
• 2011

In the twenty first century of rapid cultural change performing art requires new mode of expression based on imaginative power and creativity as well as establishing its own identity. The modern technological environment support this with advanced technology and bring about the expansion of reason from new experience. The introduction of digital media on artistic expression in particular, expands the physical ability of human body which is the main subject of performing art. A virtual body from digital technology is freed from physical boundaries and goes over space and time. It also suggests the possibility of new mode of communication with audience. This study aims at examining the subject of performing art and its digitalized movement focusing on EveR, the world's first professional robot actor. The robot actor which came on stage according to the new expression medium, a digital body, stands in need not only of technological value but also of cultural and artistic application for expression in art. In this endeavor to meet the demand, this study examines the development process and function of 'EveR' the robot actor. Also it searches into the performance of Ever which replaced human being as well as the historical significance of the title:the world's first. To be more specific, there is a example research on two performances:a pansori play "EveR is simply stunning(2009)" and children's play "The Robot Princess and Seven Dwarfs(2009)." Through this example research, it is enabled to anticipate the influence of robot actors on performing arts and to search for the better way of them to evolve. Furthermore, it aims at finding ways to create high value through promoting robot actors to be familiar to the public as well as supporting them to become active cultural contents. The performance with robotic technology is one of the artistic experiment that may cause the change of the future of performing art by actualizing technological imagination together with human body and machinery. As a consequence, it is expected that the meeting of performing art and robotic technology gives positive influence on activating performing art as one of the integrated cultural phenomenon which satisfies the taste of modern era. Moreover, this study may also be the beginning of the expansion of performing art to stretch to diverse field.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.183-204
• /
• 2005

Objectives: Immunization program is essential public health service under the national responsibility. One of the immunization service of national immunization program is advertising and public relation service, but research for that was rarely conducted. Therefore we conducted the survey for developing advertising strategy of immunization program in 21th century. Methods: Our study subjects were 242 health workers in immunization service department of 169 health centers and 1,193 carers who visited community health center for receiving immunization service of their children. The major questions were general characteristics of the subjects, perceived importance of immunization program, experience of advertising, knowledge and perception about immunization, and items about advertising strategy. Results: Frequently exposed materials in both health workers and carers were TV, community newspapers, and pamphlets. Health workers had high professional knowledges of immunization and carers had high perceptions for need and importance of immunization. Health workers preferred pamphlets and posters as advertising materials and carerers preferred TV and community newspapers. Both health workers and carers preferred green and yellow as advertising posters' color, active and healthy style of immunization advertising, and positive messages of campaign's slogans. Conclusions: Further researches should be conducted for precising long-term immunization advertising strategy in 21th century, and for this we need to develop advertising materials based on public needs and strategy, and evaluate the materials. The national immunization program should be activated throughout more investment of the budgets and human powers.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.143-153
• /
• 2003

Purpose : Infection with Shiga-like toxin (SLT)-producing Escherichia coli, an emerging human pathogen found particularly in young children under 5 years of age, causes a spectrum of illnesses with high morbidity and mortality, ranging from diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Host mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of SLT-I toxicity. The experiments described here were designed to investigate the effect of SLT-I on TNF-${\alpha}$ production and to understand the effect of TNF-${\alpha}$ on GB3 expression. We also further examine the relationship between the Gb3 level and the differential susceptibility of cells to the cytotoxic action of SLT-I. Methods : The effect of purified SLT-1 from E. coli O157 : H7 (ATCC 43890) on tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) production in Raw264.7 cells was investigated. Many mediators regulate endothelial cell membrane expression of the glycolipid globotriaosyleramide (Gb3), which serves as the toxin receptor, suggesting that the host response to the toxin or other bacterial products may contribute to pathogenesis by regulating target cell sensitivity to the toxins. Therefore, the relationships between Gb3 expression and cytotoxicity against SLT-I on three types of cells were evaluated. Results : Detectable levels of TNF-${\alpha}$ were produced as early as six hours after induction and continued to increase during 48 hours by SLT-I. It was also found that Vero cells and dendritic cells (DC2.4 cells) expressed high levels of Gb3, 83% and 68%, respectively, and that Raw264.7 cells had a low level of Gb3 (29%) and appeared refractory to cytotoxicity against SLT-I. Vero cells and DC2.4 cells expressing high levels of Gb3 were highly susceptible to SLT-I. Furthermore, macrophages showed a resistance to SLT-I cytotoxicity, despite the fact that Gb3 expression was enhanced. Conclusion : These results strongly suggest that the expression of Gb3 is necessary but not sufficient to confer sensitivity of macrophages to SLT-I and further underpin the important role of SLT-I and its Gb3 receptors in the pathogenesis of E. coli O157 infection.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.415-422
• /
• 2003

Currently, 'National program of dental sealant' has begun in Korea, but various isolation techniques and preparation is performing. The aim of the present study was to compare pit and fissure sealant retention rates between different operators using two different isolation techniques. Additionally, the failed surface was examined. One examiner performed the examination after one year of the initial operation. The population consisted of 119 children(mean age $8.59{\pm}0.772$) of which the total sealed number was 279 permanent first molars. Pediatric dentists sealed 131 molars using the rubber dam isolation technique (Group 1), general practitioners sealed 80 molars using the rubber dam isolation technique (Group 2), and dental hygienists sealed 69 molars using the cotton roll isolation (Group 3). The results were as follows ; 1. The complete retention rate between Group 1 (90.8%) and 2 (85.0%) showed no significant statistical difference (P>0.05). However, there were significant statistical different retention rates between Group 1 and Group 3(64.7%) and between Group 2 and Group 3 (p<0.05). 2. In comparing retention rates between maxilla and mandible, Only Group 3 showed a significantly lower complete retention rate in mandible than maxilla (p<0.05). 3. In failed surface analysis, occlusal failed surface was 58.3%, buccal/palatal failed surface was 41.7%.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.430-437
• /
• 2007

The probability table of Moyers and prediction equation of Tanaka and Johnston that have been the most frequently used, cannot produce accurate prediction when used in Korean because they are based on the Caucasian popularity of the Northern European race. The method of Moyers or Tanaka and Johnston predicts sizes of the unerupted canine and premolars on the basis of the sizes of mandibular incisors. However, some of the recent papers raise a question as to whether the mandibular incisors are the best combination to predict the sizes of the unerupted canine and premolars. The purpose of this study is to determine which sum or combination of sums of permanent tooth widths present the best prediction for the unerupted canine and premolars in a Korean sample, to calculate a specific linear regression equation for this population, and to evaluate the clinical significance. A new linear regression equation was calculated based on the data of 178 Korean young adults(70 women, 108 men, mean age 21.63 years) with complete permanent dentitions. Fifty three more children(28 girls, 25 boys, mean age 14.22 years) were used as a validation sample for the application of the multiple linear regression equation. The conclusions were as follows: 1. The combination of the sums of permanent upper central incisors, lower lateral incisors and upper first molars was the best predictor for the unerupted canine and premolars in this sample($r=0.65{\sim}0.80$). 2. The multiple linear regression equation was calculated including sex and arch as additional predictor variables. male, upper: $Y\;=\;0.332{\times}X_0\;+\;6.195$ male, lower: $Y\;=\;0.332{\times}X_0\;+\;5.269$ female, upper: $Y\;=\;0.332{\times}X_0\;+\;5.929$ female, lower: $Y\;=\;0.332{\times}X_0\;+\;5.003$. The determination coefficient of the equation was 64% and a standard error of the estimate was 0.71mm. 3. In about 97% of the validation sample, the estimation of the tooth width sums of unerupted canine and premolars using the new multiple linear regression equation was smaller than 1mm compaired with the actual values.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.137-144
• /
• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify and assess the needs of the cancer patients and their families and provide basic data to meet with their needs. Methods: This is a descriptive study using questionnaire method. Questionnaire were collected by mail from 76 discharged patients from a hospice ward from May until the end of October, 2004, and data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0. Results: Admitted patients had needs of pain control (85.5%), non-pain symptoms (63.2%) such as vomiting, dyspnea, ascites, etc, and emotional and spiritual problem solving (28.9%, 14.5%). Interests of patients were health care of himself/herself (65.8%), concern for their spouses left alone (32.9%), and future of their children (15.8%). In families' needs of care of 5 areas, "information on patient's status and treatment/nursing care" was shown most high score ($3.48{\pm}0.62$). In detailed questions, they request most 'to inform the prognosis of patients' and the next is 'to inform the reasons that nursing care was required'. The next highest score was to 'inform family roles' ($3.39{\pm}0.64$), and next was spiritual support ($3.11{\pm}0.79$), and emotional support ($3.08{\pm}0.72$). Expectations of family on the treatment were comfortable dying (73.4%) scored the highest. Patients' families were satisfied with volunteer service most in service area (97.4%). The next was pain control (89.5%) and nursing service (77.6%). Conclusion: Health care staff should identify the actual needs of families caring cancer patients and they should operate realistic programme which can give continuous and assistance by reflecting individual needs and characteristics. With these srategies, the quality of life of patients and families can be improved. And then the intervention programme should be developed to measure subjective nursing care needs of terminally ill cancer patients and their families.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.62-67
• /
• 2014

A glomerular filtration rate (GFR) study is a test that uses radioactive materials or tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) and a computer to see how well the kidneys are working. Asan Medical Center analyzed and compared data between kidney depth, acquired from kidney donors' CT image and acquired from Gates method's GFR value that are calculated by Tonnesen equation. This study was able to confirm that kidney depth measured from CT image was higher than the Gates Method's GFR value, which was calculated by Tonnessen equation; the direct relationship among pathologic results is confirmed. Particularly, kidney donor whose kidney was at the pelvic area had direct relationship with other clinical results. During the GFR test, it is necessary to confirm the location of kidney has no change with reference of CT image. If kidney depth is manually corrected using CT image when we measures GFR of deformed or horse-shoe kidney, it would be possible to acquire the compatible value which is equivalent to clinical result. There would be a possible issue of appropriateness that whether the applied GFR using CT image's kidney depth has clinical validity. In case of a pediatric patient, the GFR derived from Tonnesen was quiet underestimated while manual method and Gordon stay in normal range. Which results may be correct among them? There have been many reports about kidney depth, to be an accurate index of GFR in children. As one of the study performers, we should contemplate what the best option for pediatric patients would be.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.38-45
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The incidence of community-acquired urinary tract infection (UTI) due to extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase producing $Escherichia$ $coli$ (ESBL(+) $E.$ $coli$) has increased worldwide. ESBL causes resistance to various types of the newer ${\beta}$-lactam antibiotics, including the expanded spectrum cephalosporins and monobactams. We aimed to investigate the severity of UTI and associated genitourinary malformations in children with febrile UTI caused by ESBL(+) $E.$ $coli$. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 290 patients diagnosed as febrile UTI caused by $E.$ $coli$ between January 2008 and October 2010 at Korea University Medical center. We classified the patients into two groups with ESBL(+) and ESBL(-) $E.$ $coli$ group according to the sensitivity of urine culture. Fever duration, admission period, white blood cell (WBC) counts and C-reactive protein (CRP) in peripheral blood, the presence of hydronephrosis, cortical defects, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and renal scar were compared between the two groups. Results: Patients with ESBL(+) $E.$ $coli$ were 32, and those with ESBL(-) $E.$ $coli$ were 258. If we excluded those tested with a sterile urine bag, patients with ESBL(+) $E.$ $coli$ were 22, and those with ESBL(-) $E.$ $coli$ were 212. Whether the results of sterile urine bag tests were included or not, there was no significant difference in all parameters between the two groups statistically. Conclusion: Our data shows that ESBL(+) $E.$ $coli$ may not be related to the severity of UTI and associated genitourinary malformations.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.199-206
• /
• 2014

Purpose: There has been little research regarding the effectiveness of oseltamivir for influenza B infections. We sought to identify the different clinical manifestations between patients treated with and without oseltamivir. Methods: We retrospectively studied the medical records of 72 inpatients or outpatients from two medical centers diagnosed with influenza B infections by either a rapid antigen test or multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR between January 2012 and July 2012. We compared gender, age, past medical history, admission period, total fever duration, fever duration after hospitalization, post-oseltamivir medication peak temperature, laboratory test, chest X-ray, antibiotic medication, and the presence of concomitant viral or bacterial infections. Results: The number of subjects in our study was 72 who were diagnosed with influenza B pneumonia, acute bronchitis, acute bronchiolitis, croup, and mean age was $3.6{\pm}2.8$ year old. The demographic characteristics and clinical manifestations of oseltamivir and the non-oseltamivir groups, including hospitalization period ($4.18{\pm}2.10$ vs $4.79{\pm}1.49$ days, P=.17) and total fever duration ($5.32{\pm}2.07$ vs $6.41{\pm}3.25$ days, P =.09), demonstrated no significant differences. Notably, the oseltamivir group did have significantly reduced usage of antibiotic treatment than the non-oseltamivir group (P=.04). When we limited our patient group to patients under the age of three, similar results were seen. The group prescribed oseltamivir within 48 hours of fever onset had less antibiotic usage, in addition to a shorter fever duration. Conclusion: Oseltamivir appeared to have no benefit in improving the clinical course. However, if it is prescribed within the first 48 hours of symptoms, it may be more effective.